A Martyrs Victory In A Spiritual Sense :: essays research papers fc

A Martyrs Victory in a Spiritual nose out     Bishop Francis X. crossroad was a well educated, enormously gentle man, thatwas kicked, beaten, insulted, and surrounded by hatred. All this because of onemans beliefs. He was born in Brooklyn in 1892. He was the reach of theMaryknoll Missionaries and was the first bishop of Kwantung, China. He waskilled in the late 1950s in China, he was charged with anti-Communist,counterrevolutionary, and espionage activities, his real "crime" was for being aChristian and a foreigner.     During his life Bishop Ford illustrated the cardinal virtue of fortitude,which is the ability to overcome fear in order to succeed good "it is an activesake to overcome evil for the sake of gods country" said Huggard. When he tookoffice in China, the country was already feeling the effects of the massiveJapanese advance across Asia. In a in short time millions lost there lives andwere driven from there hom es. Bishop ford refused to leave the state of war-torn country,even after the Japanese attack on Pearl suck brought the United States intothe war. During this time he distinguished himself by the way he cared for warrefugees. Chinese paid a terrible price during this war with Japan, just evenmore costly was a civil war that followed. Bishop Ford exemplified the virtueof fortitude, by not leaving the war-torn country and staying to try to pursuegood.     During this time of war, many would wonder what was the reason for himto stay in China, and what was his wherefore to live? In the Novel A Mans Search ForMeaning, Nietzsche says "he who has a why to live can bear with almost anyhow". If Ford had left the country during the time of war, there would haveprobably been no hope for the war refugees that didnt have the option to stayor go. His why to live was not to save himself, but to save others. In theNovel Frankl describes the human person as a meaning maker, who has the lasthuman freedom namely to choose one attitude in a given set of circumstances. In1950, he moved from his Diocese in Kaying China, to a political prison in Canton200, miles away. At every stop along the way he was gear up on public display andhumiliated. His attitude during these stops was not to give and let thehumiliation make get to him, but to use it as a stepping stone to fight harder,he did the inevitable he used the humiliation to make him better.

Cigarette Smoking Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Cigarette SmokingThe effects of cigarette take can be horrifying. Smoking is dangerous not single to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children as well. Cigarette smoking is in any case physic on the wholey and socially harming.The large particles in cigarette smoke, commonly known as tar, collect in the branching points of the lungs. The tar contains carcinogenic compounds that increase the risk of lung cancer. The small particles in cigarette smoke, including carcinogens, irritants, and corrosive chemicals, collect in the small advertize sacs in the lungs and damage them. These air sacs are where the blood absorbs oxygen from the air. When the small particles from the cigarette smoke are absorbed into the blood stream and transported to other move of the body, they include a variety of diseases.The smoke from a burning cigarette is a mixture of hot gasses and different sized particles that fills the air with over 4000 chemicals, including 43 carcinogens and over 400 other toxins (Glantz & Daynard, 1991). One of the gasses emitted by cigarette is carbon monoxide, a colorless and orderless poison. By attaching to hemoglobin, the carbon monoxide lessens the bloods ability to keep oxygen. There are many effects of cigarette smoking on the actual smoker. They include lung cancer and other cancers, cardiovascular malfunctions, strokes, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Cigarette smoking may even lead to changes in the smokers appearance such as early wrinkling and yellowing of their teeth.Heart disease and cardiovascular malfunctions are also major effects of cigarette smoking. A chemical in cigarette smoke called glycoprotein attaches to smooth muscle cells inside arteries, causation the interior of these cells to grow. The hollow berth inside the artery narrows, which could cause a blockage of the blood flow to the heart and may lead to heart pains or possibly a heart attack.Lung cancer is responsible for 117,000 American deaths per year a ccording to the American Cancer Society (1992). It is the cause of 25% of all cancer deaths and 5% of all deaths (Schaadt, 1992). Most carcinogens are the actual particles in cigarette smoke that may cause lung cancer. The particles include tar, metals (nickel and cadmium), and other chemicals such as benzophyrene and dibenzanthracene. The lung airwaves are c... ...f their stress, it is actually causing harmful effects from them and others. Cigarette smoking causes many types of cancers including lung cancer. Strokes, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema also arise from cigarette smoking. Non-smokers suffer from many of the same cancers and diseases, and often more(prenominal) such as coughing, wheezing, irrated eyes and throat, and asthma. Children living with smokers become passive smokers causing decreases in weight and height. There are many dangers as a leave alone of cigarette smoking not only to smokers, but to non-smokers as well. BibliographyBowman, L. (1995, August). New R esearch Chew, Dont Smoke, If you need nicotine. Scripps Howard News Service (Online).Gano, L. (1989). Smoking. San Dfiego, CA bright Books Inc.Glantz, S.A & Daynard, R.A (1991, June). Safeguarding the workplace Health Hazards of Secondhand Smoke. Trial (Online).Monroe, J. (1995). Nicotine. Springfield, N.J Enslow Publishers Inc.Pietrusza, D. (1997). Smoking. San Diego, CA Lucent Books Inc.Schaadt, R.G (1992). Tobacco and Health. Guilford, CT The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc.

American Prohibition :: essays research papers fc

ProhibitionOn midnight of January 16, 1920, one of the started around the turn of the century, when many pot got the idea that approximately of what was wrong with the States was caused by boozepersonal habits and customs of most Americans came to a sudden halt. It . They saw prohibition as the silver hammer that would decimate all of their alky-related woes. Instead, it turned out to be the lodestone that lead America into thirteen years of chaos. The eighteenth amendment was ineffective because it was unenforceable, it caused an explosive growth in crime, and it increased the amount of alcohol consumption.The Eighteenth Amendment was put into effect to prohibit the manufacture, change and transportation of all intoxicating liquors. Shortly afterward, the Volstead Act, named for author Andrew J. Volstead, was put into effect. This complimentary law determined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcohol content of to a greater extent than 0.5 percent, omitting alcohol used for medicinal and sacramental purposes this act set up guidelines for enforcement as well (Altman 15). Prohibition was meant to reduce the consumption of alcohol, and thereby reduce crime, poverty, ending rates, and improve the economy and general quality of life. This, however, was undoubtedly to no avail. After the Volstead Act was put into place to determine precise laws and methods of enforcement, the Federal Prohibition chest was developed in order to see that the Volstead Act was enforced. Nevertheless, these laws were frequently violated by bootleggers and commoners alike. Bootleggers smuggled liquor from overseas and Canada, stole it from government warehouses, and produced their own. Many people hid their liquor in hip flasks, false books, hollow canes, and anything else they could find. (Bowen 159). There were also unratified speakeasies which replaced saloons soon after the start of prohibition. By 1925, there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone (Bowen 160). As good as the ideal sounded, prohibition was far easier to proclaim than to enforce. With only 1,550 federal agents and over 18,700 miles of extensive coastline, it was sooner impossible to prevent large quantities of liquor from entering the country (Bowen 166). Barely five percent of smuggled liquor was hindered from coming into the country through the 1920s. Additionally, the illegal liquor industry was under the control of organized gangs, which subdued most authorities. Many bootleggers shielded their business by bribing the authorities, namely federal agents and persons of high policy-making status (Bowen 160).

Emily Dickinson :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinson was born on December 10,1830 in Amherst Massachusetts. She had ayounger sister named Lavina and an olderbrother named Austin. Her mother EmilyNorcross Dickinson, was by and large dependenton her family and was seen by Emily as apoor mother. Her father was lawyer,Congressman, and the Treasurer for AmherstCollege. Unlike her mother, Emily loved andadmired her father. Since the family was notemotional, they lived a quiet desexualise life. Theyrarely shared their problems with one anotherso Emily had plenty of privacy for writing. During her childhood, Emily and her familyattended The First Congregational Church ona regular basis. Emily did not like going tochurch because she didnt think of herself asbeing very religious. She refused to believethat Heaven was a better place than Earthand eventually rebelled from the church.Emily power saw herself as a woman who had herown way of thinking, a way of thinkingshaped neither by the church or society. By the date she was tw elve, her family locomoteto a house on Pleasant Street where theylived from 1840 to 1855. Emily was alreadywriting letters, but composed most of herpoetry in this home. Emily only unexpended home toattend Mount Holyoke Female Seminary fortwo semesters. Though her stay there was brief, sheimpressed her teachers with her courage anddirectness. They felt her writing wassensational. At the age of twenty-one, Emily and her familymoved to the Dickinson Homestead on MainStreet. This move proved to be very difficultfor Emily. This was difficult for Emily becauseshe became very attached to her old house,which shaped her writing and personality forfifteen years. They now lived next door to herbrother Austin and his wife Susan and theirdaughter Martha. Emily and Susan becameso close that many people believe they may impart been lovers. A rumor perpetuated by thefact that Emily was known to have writtenmany love letters and poems to Susan.Martha attempted to protect both of theirimages and s uppress the rumors. It became rough-cut knowledge that Emily had some typeof very strong feelings for Susan. At the age of thirty-one Emily sent some ofher poems to a publisher, Thomas Higginson,from whom she got a very veracious response anda strong friendship developed. He acted asher mentor but she never seemed to havetaken any of his advice. It became evidentthat she didnt like the bringing close together of having herworks published, she made 40 packets ofabout twenty poems apiece from 814 poems.She placed these in a box along with 333other poems. Emily died on May 5, 1886 at the age of 56.

Humanities in the Early, High And Late Middle Ages Essay example -- es

AbstractLearning Team A will use several research methods including text, internet and other methods to explore the arts and the effects and developments that the clementities of the Early, High and Late Middle ages had on society. We have made some very interest findings and come up with some ambitious conclusions. The findings are most definitely in condensed form for the simplicity of our assignment, although if given an unbridled word count, surely we would demonstrate volumes of text form such interesting periods.The Early Middle AgesBefore we can talk about humanities, we must first define the word Humanities. Humanities are the investigation of human macrocosms and their culture and their self-expression. We are going to discuss how humanities reflect changing concepts of nature and human beings in different historical periods. Human beings in nowadayss society are not aware of the history of people. In just about every area that we participate in on a daily basis, the h umanities of our ancestors contributed to that area. The reason we study the different parts of the humanities is to get a better understanding of where human beings have been and where we need to go. The to a greater extent we study the further we can go and improve the future based off the past. Christianity greatly influenced the Early Middle Ages. This epoch existed between 500-1000 C.E. There was piddling stability during this time. horse opera Europe was under attack from Germanic tribes and Eastern Europe was battling against the Arabs. Fiero (2002) states, the Germanic tribal people and practices blended with those of classical Rome and Western Christianity to forge the basic economic, social and cultural patterns of medieval life (p.69). According to the website German Culture, in the Merovingian Dynasty (482-751 C.E.) under the rule of Clovis, the Franks reluctantly began to adopt Christianity by-line the baptism of Clovis, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church ( knightly Germany -, n.d.). Christianity would reach an all time high during the reign of Charlemagne. After being crowned emperor of the Romans in 800 by Pope Leo III, Charlemagne brought education and enlightenment to his people (Fiero, 2002, p.74-75). The Metropolitan Museum of Art website outlines Charlemagnes accomplishmentsHe founds schools, ... ...great history of the cosmos and all the events that took place. ReferencesCentral Europe (including Germany), 500-1000 A.D. (2000-2005). Retrieved July 30, 2005, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Web site http//www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/euwc/ht06euwc.htm Duffy, S.L. (n.d.), Europe 1000-1300 the high middle ages. Retrieved July 27, 2005, from http//www.loyno.edu/seduffy/highmiddleOT.htmlFiero, G. K. (2002). The Humanistic Tradition (Fourth ed.). New York McGraw-Hill.Lindisfarne Gospels. (n.d.). Retrieved July 28, 2005, from British subroutine library Online Gallery European Manuscripts Web site http//www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/themes/euromanuscripts/linisfarne.htmlMedieval Germany - The Merovingian Dynasty, ca. 500-751. (n.d.). Retrieved July 27, 2005, from German Culture Web site http//www.germanculture.com.ua/library/history/bl_medieval.htmSnell, M. (n.d.). The Book of Kells Splendid Medieval Manuscript. Retrieved July 28, 2005, from http//historymedren.about.com/od/bookofkell1/p/book_of_kells.htmThe Brainy Dictionary (2005). Definition of Schism. Retrieved July 27, 2005 fromhttp//www.brainydictionary.com/words/sc/schism216161.html

Diary of Mrs. Amelia Stewart Knight :: essays research papers

Response on Diary of Mrs. Amelia Stewart KnightWhen I finished this article I started to realize that the life of pi adepters was not just one big adventure, but they had to face some really difficult problems like dangerous river crossing, bad weather, different kinds of accidents and diseases along the way without any chance for medical treatment.But first of all I had make a research to answer one question before all the problems along the way. It is how much did pioneers traveling west needed and how long did they have to safe money to be able to support their slip up. It took roughly $800-$1,000 to obtain a proper outfit (wagon, food, clothing, etc.) and decent supplies to live a whole year without planting or harvesting a crop. Some families saved for three to five years before cosmos able to begin their trip to west. From mine point of view they had to be real patient and live more or less in poorness to be able to save such a big amount of money. That means that most o f people had a lot of problems even before they started they trip to west.Another great surprise for me was that most people walked and made the entire 2,000- grayback journey on foot because most emigrants grossly overloaded their wagons and that is why provided few could ride inside the wagons. Most of emigrants who could ride inside were children and women. To ride in a wagon sounds really better than walking all 2000 mile on foot, but another problem which they had to face was that the emigrant wagons didnt have any safety features. If someone fell under the massive wagon wheels, expiration was instant. Many lost their lives this way and as I mentioned above most often, the victims were children.Farther more the river crossings, which were necessary to get to their point, were a constant source of suffering for all members of the group. Hundreds drowned trying to get wagons, cattle and another stuff to the other shore.Perhaps the biggest problem on the Trail was a deadly dise ase with no cure at that time, called cholera. This disease was a really big threat, not only for an individual, but also for the whole group. First of all its very contagious and secondly the sick person would slow down the whole caravan. Sometimes they received a proper burial, but often, the sick would be abandoned, in their beds, on the side of the trail and die alone.

government court cases :: essays research papers

Smith v. Allw right handA resolution of the Democratic Party of Texas, a sort that the Texas Supreme judicial system had deemed a "voluntary association," allowed only whites to participate in Democratic primary elections. S.S. Allwright was a county election official he denied Lonnie E. Smith, a blackened man, the right to vote in the 1940 Texas Democratic primary. Question Presented Did denying blacks the right to vote in primary elections violate the Fifteenth Amendment?Conclusion The Court overruled its decision in Grovey v. Townsend (1935) and found the restrictions against blacks unconstitutional. Even though the Democratic Party was a voluntary organization, the fact that Texas statutes governed the selection of county-level party leaders, the party conducted primary elections under state statutory authority, and state courts were given exclusive original jurisdiction over contested elections, guaranteed for blacks the right to vote in primaries. Allwright engaged in state action abridging Smiths right to vote because of his race. A state cannot "permit a private organization to practice racial discrimination" in elections, argued Justice Reed. (The Courts decision in this depicted object was amended on June 12, 1944.)Buckley v. ValeoFacts of the Case In the wake of the Watergate affair, Congress attempted to ferret out corruption in political campaigns by restricting pecuniary contributions to candidates. Among other things, the law set limits on the amount of money an individual could contribute to a single campaign and it required reporting of contributions above a certain threshold amount. The Federal Election Commission was created to enforce the statuteQuestion Presented Did the limits placed on electoral expenditures by the Federal Election black market Act of 1971, and related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, violate the First Amendments freedom of speech and association clauses?Conclusion In this complicate d case, the Court arrived at two important conclusions. First, it held that restrictions on individual contributions to political campaigns and candidates did not violate the First Amendment since the limitations of the FECA enhance the "integrity of our system of representative democracy" by guarding against unscrupulous practices. Second, the Court found that governmental restriction of independent expenditures in campaigns, the limitation on expenditures by candidates from their own personal or family resources, and the limitation on total campaign expenditures did violate the First Amendment. Since these practices do not necessarily enhance the potential for corruption that individual contributions to candidates do, the Court found that restricting them did not serve a government interest great enough to warrant a curtailment on free speech and association.

Business in Nucor Essay -- essays research papers

Nucor Corporation - Structuring for Efficiency and Effectiveness Introduction Nucor achieved its position as one of the largest marque producers in the United States by carefully monitoring costs and paying attention to the needs of its markets. This strategy of providing its customers with a competitive product at competitive prices has brought succeeder and growth to Nucor, in gross sales, income, and stock price. Recently, however, the control of the organization has been brought into question. The recent announcement of a joint venture between Nucor and U.S. brace to develop, test, and bring on striving a new method for turning iron ore into steel added to the concern over the ability of go with management to maintain the entrepreneurial spirit for which the company is famous. Background Nucor is the second largest steel producer (2nd in assets, 1st in profits) in the United States. Its profits of $123 million have made it one of the around efficient firms in the steel in dustry. Nucor achieved that position by focusing on the manufacturing segment known as mini-mills - the relatively small, electrically-powered mills that melt down competitiveness steel to manufacture products. This exercise saves on costly labor, raw materials, and the capital-intensive machinery necessary to produce steel from iron ore. A major concern of mini-mill steel manufacturers is maintaining quality, since their raw material consists of scrap steel of varying quality, containing a variety of alloys and impurities. Another concern it the recent rising price of scrap steel. Nucor started out by manufacturing steel for the beams and posts produced in company-owned structural steel manufacturing plants and then expanded by selling its low-cost steel to other firms. Outside customers gradually became the primary outlet for sales by the mini-mills. Nucor was able to expand sales from the mini-mills by keeping costs below its competitors, both in the United States and abroad. Nucor has consistently sought ways to light costs while broadening markets. During the latter part of the 1980s, much of the companys efforts were placed on developing technology for manufacturing sheet - flat-rolled steel of the type used by automotive and appliance manufacturers - which had traditionally been the sole domain of the big steel companies and foreign competitors. Ken Iverson, former CEO of Nucor, risked several hundr... ...at the joint venture with U.S. Steel would hinder the quick decision making typical at Nucor. Iverson had gambled by committing to the first phase of the new process on his own, without first testing the process in a pilot plant on a small scale. The next stage was to complete the new process with a plant in the United States, relying on the high level of research and development skills at U.S. Steel and the ability of Nucor to pioneer new methods. Analysts wondered whether Nucor could coexist with U.S. Steel, with its large, hierarchical structur e and self-coloured union. This challenge was especially important since the new venture was felt to be the focal point for the continued growth of Nucor. In the late 1990s, Iverson was fired by the Board of Directors of Nucor. His successor, John Correnti, who along with Iverson were the two major proponents of the mini-mill concept, was ushered out soon afterwards. Daniel R. DiMicco is the new President and CEO, but with years of experience at Nucor, the vision may or may not change. Will the new management attempt to rein in the general managers of the various operating entities of Nucor - a situation incomplete Iverson nor Correnti supported?

Does Dickens create a rrealistic figure in the character of Scrooge? :: English Literature

Does Dickens create a rrealistic figure in the character of Scrooge?A Christmas CarolWhen people select or watch a jot story, they have certainexpectations of it. People would usually expect the story to be scary,have an eerie feel, and have appropriate, creepy settings such(prenominal) as agraveyard or derelict house. Most ghost stories use darkness to createthe right atmosphere. There is usually a large range of characters suchas a hero/heroin, a damsel in distress or someone in danger, a victim,horrible and creepy characters that maybe outcasts and most obviouslya ghost. People expect the story to have a scary opening, that drawsthem in into the story making them want to read on, but that doesntgive anything away. The opening often gives some backgroundinformation on the characters. There is quite often a murder or slice to be investigated. Most ghost stories have a closedending where the brain-teaser is solved or the ghost is disposed of. Fear,suspense and foreshadowing be important features in the plot of aghost story. All of these factors usually crop up in a typical ghoststory.Older ghost stories tend to be text based where as newer ones can befound in other media, such as films. Many films and television serialof ghost stories have been produced. The more recent ones tend todrift away from the criteria of a typical ghost story by combiningwith other genres where as the older stories seem to follow theexpected features of a ghost story much more closely. The more modernghost story films have flux with the iniquity genre because it adds tothe atmosphere of the story and makes it scarier.Ghost story films and TV programmers usually drift away from thetypical ghost story line because they dont trounce just to the ghoststory genre they tend to mix in other genre such as romance, murdermystery and especially horror This is because the aspect of horror inthe ghost story creates a scarier atmosphere that keeps the spectatorinterested. Films and TV mi x other genres such as romance and mysteryto keep the viewer interested and to make the storyline different,unique, so its not similar to other films and programmers. It alsoenables the ghost story to have a doohickey in the storyline making itmuch less predictable there for drawing the viewer into the story andmaking them want to keep watching. Some examples of these be Whatlies beneath and The Sixth Sense. Both these ghost stories have amajor twist in the plot very near the end and both keep the viewer in

Siddhartha Essay: Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Journeys

Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Journeys in Siddhartha In Hesses novel, Siddhartha the title character, Siddhartha leaves the Brahmins in search of Nirvana - spiritual peace. The journey he endures focuses on two main goals - to find peace and the right path (http//www.ic.ucsb.edu/ggotts/hesse/ demeanor/jennifer/html). Joseph Mileck, the author of Hermann Hesse Life and Art, asserts that Siddhartha focuses on a sense of unity real through Siddharthas mind, body, and soul (Baumer). Hesses Siddhartha revolves around three central journeys - a physical, a handstal, and a spiritual journey. Siddharthas journey begins with his physical journey. This journey begins in Siddharthas hometown. At home, Siddhartha focuses his spectral involvement in Brahmin rituals. These rituals do not allow him to reach Nirvana so he decides to leave his village and follow the teachings of the Samanas. The Samanas are men who believe that temporary life is only an illusion, and they practice extreme se lf-denial and meditation (Welch 58). Siddharthas journey with the Samanas begins as he pulls himself away from the structure of everyday life. However, Siddhartha finds this life to be unfulfilling and wasteful. When Siddhartha decides to leave the Samanas, he hypnotizes the leader in order to convince him to let Siddhartha move away (http//www.imsa.edu/trasched/siddhartha/phys.html). change surfacetually, Siddhartha decides to attempt the teachings of Buddha. However, this lifestyle leaves him unsatisfied as well. Even though Siddhartha decides not to follow the teachings of Buddha, he says, I have seen one man, one man only, before whom I must lower my eyes. I allow for never lower my eyes before any other man. No o... ...ted Aver, Linda. http//splavc.spjc.cc.fl.us/hooks/ew/AverSidd.html. Baumer, Franz. Hermann Hesse. United States, 1969. Cliffs Notes. Hesses Steppenwolf and Siddhartha. Nebraska, 1973. Hesse, Herman. Siddhartha. Dover Publications, 1998. http//www.imsa.edu /trasched/siddhartha/ment.html. http//www.imsa.edu/trasched/siddhartha/phys.html. http//www.imsa.edu/trasched/siddharthat/spirit.html. Smith, Sheila. Siddharthas Journey. http//splavc.spjc.cc.fl.us/hooks/ew/SmithSidd.html. Sobel, J and HHP. Form, Style, and mental object in Siddhartha.. http//www.ic.ucsb.edu/ggotts/hess/wroks/jensid.html. Sobel, J and HHP. Hermann Hesse. http//www.ic.ucsb.edu/ggotts/hesse/life/jennifer.html. The Nobel Foundation. Autobiography of Hermann Hesse.. http//www.nobel.se/laureates/literature-1946-1-autobio.html.

Brief Encounters :: essays papers

Brief Encounters Brief catchs do come along to be accidental, only if I besides think that they are infract of a plan that nobody understands. Like in the short narration Pen of My Aunt, the man reasonable shows up at her door and she seems to know what to do about it. All the lies just come to her, and that light upon changed him and her for the rest of their lives. She believably saved his life by giving him the names of safehouses down the road a ways. Brief encounters can break down barriers not only surrounded by people, but also amongst people and animals. Maude Martha shows this when she finally traps the mouse in the trap. They seem to be communicating to each other about who win and what to do about it. She sees how the mouse is in acceptance about being caught, and the mouse is hypothetic to be her enemy. She then feels dirty in the fact that it is help little and decides to let it go. That shows that a brief encounter like that broke down the wall betw een Maude Martha and the mouse. There do lie hidden qualities in each of us that a brief encounter will bring out and show to the world. The explanation that proves this is The Grains of Paradise. I picked this because Pete Hoyle is in a pepper-eating contest with the Indians and they have all their money on the table that they probably own. Pete knows that he can beat the Indian and also realizes that if they loose, they will become even lower in the town. He gives up when he almost won and this shows that he has compassion for the people who are less fortunate than he is. A brief encounter can change somebodys life forever. This is true in the short story The Good Samaritan. In this story there is a man who got severely beat and all his money got stolen.Brief Encounters essays papersBrief Encounters Brief encounters do seem to be accidental, but I also think that they are part of a plan that nobody understands. Like in the short story Pen of My Aunt, the man just s hows up at her door and she seems to know what to do about it. All the lies just come to her, and that encounter changed him and her for the rest of their lives. She probably saved his life by giving him the names of safehouses down the road a ways. Brief encounters can break down barriers not only between people, but also between people and animals. Maude Martha shows this when she finally traps the mouse in the trap. They seem to be communicating to each other about who won and what to do about it. She sees how the mouse is in acceptance about being caught, and the mouse is supposed to be her enemy. She then feels dirty in the fact that it is helpless and decides to let it go. That shows that a brief encounter like that broke down the wall between Maude Martha and the mouse. There do lie hidden qualities in each of us that a brief encounter will bring out and show to the world. The story that proves this is The Grains of Paradise. I picked this because Pete Hoyle is in a pepper-eating contest with the Indians and they have all their money on the table that they probably own. Pete knows that he can beat the Indian and also realizes that if they loose, they will become even lower in the town. He gives up when he almost won and this shows that he has compassion for the people who are less fortunate than he is. A brief encounter can change somebodys life forever. This is true in the short story The Good Samaritan. In this story there is a man who got severely beat and all his money got stolen.

Bilateral Shoulder Dislocation from Weight Lifting Essay -- essays res

While doing seated behind-the-neck military presses, a young domain of 22 years, experienced zygomorphous anterior dislocation of the shoulders. He came into the emergency department complaining of acute bilateral shoulder stiffness and pain. He claimed to sacrifice been performing behind-the-neck military presses with a 108-lb (50kg) weight while being spotted by a prepare partner. While performing the military presses, he on the spur of the moment felt that his shoulders were going out of place, and lost control of the bar. Unfortunately, his training partner was unable to prevent injury. The injured man stated that he felt neighboring(a) pain and lost mobility of his arms. He was then rushed to the emergency department. When the patient first arrived at the emergency department, his shoulders were in abduction and external rotation. He complained of stiffness and pain. Tests showed bilateral flattened contour of the shoulders below the tip of the acromion. Anterior fullness w as present, but luckily, the patient did not suffer from any neurological or vascular injuries. and examinations showed a bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation but no fracture.The young man was a 22-year-old, right-handed accountant, who had 3 years of weight training experience. He was 5 ft 10 in. (178 cm) tall and approximately 180 lb (83.3 kg). Upon investigation, the patient had no history of any type of injury to both of his shoulders. None of his family had ...

Brief Encounters :: essays papers

Brief Encounters Brief encounters do seem to be accidental, but I also think that they are part of a plan that nobody understands. Like in the short humbug Pen of My Aunt, the man just shows up at her door and she seems to know what to do nigh it. All the lies just come to her, and that encounter deepend him and her for the rest of their lives. She in all likelihood saved his life by giving him the name calling of safehouses down the road a ways. Brief encounters terminate break down barriers not only between people, but also between people and animals. Maude Martha shows this when she eventually traps the mouse in the trap. They seem to be communicating to each other about who won and what to do about it. She sees how the mouse is in acceptance about being caught, and the mouse is supposed to be her enemy. She then feels dirty in the fact that it is helpless and decides to allow it go. That shows that a brief encounter like that skint down the wall between Maude Mar tha and the mouse. There do lie hidden qualities in each of us that a brief encounter will shoot out and show to the world. The paper that proves this is The Grains of Paradise. I picked this because Pete Hoyle is in a pepper-eating contest with the Indians and they have all their coin on the table that they probably own. Pete knows that he can beat the Indian and also realizes that if they loose, they will become even lower in the town. He gives up when he almost won and this shows that he has forgiveness for the people who are less fortunate than he is. A brief encounter can change somebodys life forever. This is true in the short story The Good Samaritan. In this story there is a man who got severely beat and all his silver got stolen.Brief Encounters essays papersBrief Encounters Brief encounters do seem to be accidental, but I also think that they are part of a plan that nobody understands. Like in the short story Pen of My Aunt, the man just shows up at her door and she seems to know what to do about it. All the lies just come to her, and that encounter changed him and her for the rest of their lives. She probably saved his life by giving him the names of safehouses down the road a ways. Brief encounters can break down barriers not only between people, but also between people and animals. Maude Martha shows this when she finally traps the mouse in the trap. They seem to be communicating to each other about who won and what to do about it. She sees how the mouse is in acceptance about being caught, and the mouse is supposed to be her enemy. She then feels dirty in the fact that it is helpless and decides to let it go. That shows that a brief encounter like that broke down the wall between Maude Martha and the mouse. There do lie hidden qualities in each of us that a brief encounter will bring out and show to the world. The story that proves this is The Grains of Paradise. I picked this because Pete Hoyle is in a pepper-eating contest with the Indians and they have all their money on the table that they probably own. Pete knows that he can beat the Indian and also realizes that if they loose, they will become even lower in the town. He gives up when he almost won and this shows that he has compassion for the people who are less fortunate than he is. A brief encounter can change somebodys life forever. This is true in the short story The Good Samaritan. In this story there is a man who got severely beat and all his money got stolen.

Bilateral Shoulder Dislocation from Weight Lifting Essay -- essays res

While doing seated behind-the-neck military presses, a young firearm of 22 years, experienced reversible anterior dislocation of the shoulders. He came into the emergency department complaining of acute bilateral shoulder stiffness and pain. He claimed to get under ones skin been performing behind-the-neck military presses with a 108-lb (50kg) weight while being spotted by a teach partner. While performing the military presses, he absolutely felt that his shoulders were going out of place, and lost control of the bar. Unfortunately, his training partner was unable to prevent injury. The injured man stated that he felt quick pain and lost mobility of his arms. He was then rushed to the emergency department. When the patient first arrived at the emergency department, his shoulders were in abduction and external rotation. He complained of stiffness and pain. Tests showed bilateral flattened contour of the shoulders below the tip of the acromion. Anterior fullness was present, but luckily, the patient did not suffer from any neurological or vascular injuries. moreover examinations showed a bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation but no fracture.The young man was a 22-year-old, right-handed accountant, who had 3 years of weight training experience. He was 5 ft 10 in. (178 cm) tall and approximately 180 lb (83.3 kg). Upon investigation, the patient had no history of any type of injury to both of his shoulders. None of his family had ...

Lars and His Psychosocial Development in Life

I pull up stakes use Eriksons Psychosocial Theory of Human Development and Bronfenbrenners bionomic Systems theory to explain the key issues experienced by Lars and his psychosocial development in life.Lars is a socially awkward young man who dislikes any form of strong-arm contact. He lives alone in his deceased p arents garage apartment. Lars life starts to get interesting when a new employee (Margo) starts to express interest in him. One day, Lars told his comrade Gus and sister-in-law, Karin that he met Bianca (a sex doll Lars ordered) and would like to invite her to their place for a meal. Lars treated Bianca like his girlfriend.Gus and Karin were overwhelmed and wanted Lars to see Dagmar, a town doctor and a psychologist. They convinced Lars that Bianca has low blood pressure sensation and to bring her in for weekly treatments, creating an opportunity for Dagmar to see Lars. Dagmar told Gus and Karin that in order for Lars to benefit, the community got to be involved and co mbine Bianca. This acceptance of their relationship allowed healing to occur for Lars (Elliott, 2002).Based on Eriksons Psychosocial Theory of Human Development, Stage 1 (Trust vs Mistrust), the lack of dependable family members during Lars childhood resulted in Lars exploitation a sense of mistrust and insecurity. This resulted in him putting his feelings into Bianca, a sex doll, who is inanimate and not able to hurt him. Based on stage 2 of Eriksons theory (Autonomy vs Shame Doubt), children start to gain more personal control and independence.Failure to do so creates a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt. Due to the pressure people around Lars finding him a girlfriend, Lars imagination created Bianca. He is in control of the development and outcome of their relationship. The society that Lars was in was supportive and assuring. Thus, it helped Lars to gain self-reliance and will in surviving the legitimate world (with Bianca) by himself.There is also a scene where Lars brought Bianca to Cindys birthday party and tried to connect with others through and through dancing, relating to Stage 3 of Eriksons Theory (Initiative and Guilt). Lars tried to explore his own character by trying to mingle on his own. Lars also became distressed when mentioned that Karin is nearing the end of her pregnancy. Dagmar tranquillize Lars that Karins baby will be fine even as his experience is otherwise.This is reflective of Stage 4 of Eriksons theory (Industry vs Inferiority), where Lars felt inferior in not having a mum like other children do. In Stage 5 (Identity vs Role Confusion), one starts self-discovery, especially in their sexual identity. Lars asked Gus about the concept of masculinity. This helped Lars when he became aware of his attraction towards Bianca. His attraction to Margo has now reached the point where he feels compelled to tell her that he could never cheat on Bianca.Margo assures him that she is not asking him to cheat on Bianca. However, she states genui nely how much she wishes she could find a man with his characteristics for herself. In the final scene of the movie, Lars healing is almost completed, when Bianca dies. Before Lars kills off Bianca, he presses a coddle to her lips, something he would not do before.This shows that the childs mind-set Lars once had, now psychologically matches that of his age. Lars has shown physical intimacy towards the doll. He not only overcome his fear of place but using the doll the way its originally intended to be. Lars further proves to be more in touch with an adult psychological beingness when he asks Margo to go for a walk, just the two of them, aft(prenominal) the funeral. With the help of Bianca, Lars was able to grow and heal, and form relationships with other human beings. This is being seen in Eriksons theory ordinal stage of intimacy vs isolation.In Bronfenbrenners Bio-Ecological Theory, there are five (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem) levels in an environment affecting the child. Microsystem refers to the immediate environment we are in touch with after birth (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). In Lars case, there is a lack of interactions with immediate family members.Thus, he depended on the safety of his relationship with Bianca to slowly become at ease with people, exhibiting the creativity characteristic in clients who are innately self-healing (Bohart Tallman, 1999). Moving deeper into the model, Mesosystem is closely linked with the Microsystem. Lars was able to escape his delusional thoughts through interactions with his surroundings (church members, Dagmar, Margo).The indirect influence in his Exosystem (moving deeper) where his large neighborhood and family members play a part in helping him. With an entire community supporting Lars construction of reality, the community becomes like a kingsley dormitory (Barnes Berke, 2002) where everyone normalizes the experiences of one another. In treating Bianca as a real person, La rs is able to deal with issues that occur as the relationship develops.This is being seen through the Macrosystem in his beliefs and values influencing Lars late and even cured his illness indirectly. The last stage of chronosystem comes in play includes how his neighborhood addressed the situation and the societal norms on mental health and having them being so positive, it influences Lars in his development growth As time progresses, Lars is able to connect better with others.In summary, Lars created a perfect partner for himself that makes connections with others and himself indirectly. It requires also others who are willing to enter his world. Without this, Lars would have been labeled psychotic and given drugs. When the unreal Bianca is treated by everyone as real, Lars is able to emerge as a real person. What to ponder would be if Lars does not have a supportive community will he be cured and to what extent his denial and delusion will be left.

Delivery of Customer Service Excellence within UK universities Essay

There has been continuous growth in the amount of people pursuing higher preparation. This has been contri yeted to by the changing indian lodge that requires one to continuously update and fall out up with the grooming standards. As the demand of education affixs, there is an increase in demand for higher education in the face of decreasing government activity funding (White, 2007, p.67). The decrease in government funding in m whatsoever countries has resulted to self-sponsorship among most of the students. With the students, being self-sponsored there is involve for amore food market driven stress on focus on the customers demand and in this case, the students argon the customers. As the number of students with the objective of going to universities increase so does the application of marketing in the field of higher education (Lomas, 2007, p.456).The marketing of university answers has necessitated the change in the relationship of the students and the university t o induce a customer set upr relation. The treatment of students as customers has been at an increase due to the increase in number of universities. The increase in number of universities increases competition-necessitating charter for customer supporter among the universities to increase the number of students enrolment rate. To establish if the students ar customers one has to determine the serve wells provided by universities and the consumers of the products or go provided.According to Martinez (2013, p.56), education purvey can be classified as a function, which can be separated into service delivery and service field. Whereby service, content cannot be negotiated with the students but service deliver is negotiable. Simple the content covered in the classrooms is not determined by the students but the way in which this content is delivered can be negotiable. The customers of the service provided by the universities be students. The service delivered in this case refe rs to the standard way in which education is applied or impacted on the students. The quality of service is determined by the standards applied in an institution, the equipments applied, technology, materials, instructor, and the timing in which this education takes place.The two instances of service provided by the universities attract different consumers. The service content attracts customers that atomic number 18 external to the institution who include private and public employers and the society. The students atomic number 18 described as the service consumers since they are partners with the institutions and are the main(prenominal) consumers of the go provided by universities.Universities can also be described as service providers since it cannot be classified as service provider since they do not manufacture whatever of their final products instead they offers good that are not physically visible. Having classified the go provided by universities it could be establis hed that there are several types of consumers of the universities products. The main customers are however, the students who are directly affected by the quality of run provided. Secondly, there are external consumers who are affected by the services provided in a secondary level.Having established students as consumers then universities should strive to always satisfy customers necessarily. In addition, universities should be improved by compare them with the service provision industry, as an ever-increasing competition forces to do so. Trends in the universities also draw it closer to customer-oriented service industries. Students want to be involved in the determination making process of the universities more than depending on the market forces, this qualifies the students to be the customers since the articulation of their opinions increases or decreases the royalty and computer storage rate of the universities customers.In some countries like UK and Austral, universities ranking(prenominal) management and government agencies insist on the need to consider students as the customers. This is evident in Oxford University where the satisfaction of the students is a paramount objective for the institution. This is justified by the fact that the marketing department of the university has students suggestion cites where they collect the ineluctably and wants of the students. This opinion is however, not supported by the academic staff that states that recognition of students as customers decreases the quality of education since the needs of the students are not in all cases right like the expectation in businesses(Lomas, 2007, p.34).Governments all over the world and particularly the UK government hand over been seen to put in place mechanisms for assessing the quality of the services provided by universities. This assessment is meant to allow the government to identify areas that need improvement. The government also puts in place measures that drive up the quality of education and provide enough information about the universities that will help students determine on what institution is fit or the best among the many provided. Government compels reforms at universities to change the perception of universities into business like organizations (Lomas, 2007, p.54).According to Pittman (p. 342), the relationship between the student and the universities are picky unlike most of the service industries. The recognition of universities as service providers, in one way or another the market forces lead into the treatment of the institutions as businesses. The treatment of universities as businesses has been evident in the running of Cambridge university and other leading universities in the UK that engage in marketing strategies aimed at pleasing the students in the universities. This and then includes the marketing strategies used by businesses. The business focus is the satisfaction or meeting customer needs and similarly universitie s should focus on meeting the students needs to survive in the market.Students attend universities with different objectives including, pursuit of their person interest, desire to gain qualifications, prepare for academic and research careers and preparation for the world of work. These needs are sufficiently provided by most of the universities however, the students choose the universities that provide these services with a more customer centrical finis. The universities are now under pressure to make the students feel as the kings and at the same time not deteriorate their standards of their curriculums or standards. This calls for the universities to differentiate themselves and creating a customer oriented relation with the students to increase the enrollments and safekeeping rate. customer Relationship Management TheoryCustomer relationship management is an important aspect of any business. It is the process of obtaining, retaining an increase the market share, or customer ba se of a business. It includes the management of off-line and in-line relationships with consumers. Customer relationship management requires the running of business in a customer centric approach that considers the customers first.Universities have increased in number necessitating the need of marketing activities that differentiate each university and increase their competitive receipts. The ever-increasing competition levels have brought about changes in the dynamics of the education business particularly in the university level. The customers of universities have continuously been enlightened and choose the best among the universities. This has increased the need and importance of a customer centric culture that strives to understand the customers needs. Universities have understood the need to invest in new technologies to allow them to gain advantage in the competition by exploiting their brand value, customer base, and investments in infrastructure in order to increase the nu mber of enrollments, as their direct link to the customer satisfaction and profitability (Martinez, 2013, p.56).Customer relationship management allows the universities to analyze their consumers at different levels to allow the detection of their needs, preferences, potential areas that require improvement and after this, the universities are able to establish or implement the necessary actions to achieve customer satisfaction. Universities engage in every year orientation for the students to display the facilities in the institutions. This is evident in Manchester University, Liverpool and Cambridge that allow the provoke students to view the facilities and from their judgment choose a university that best suits their needs.Achievement of customer satisfaction is a core objective to many businesses as it increases the competitive advantage and thus increasing profitability of the organization. The increase in number of universities increases the bargaining power of the consumers who in this case are the students. Today students want to enroll in universities with better services, lower fees, good infrastructure, skilled tutors, and access to various services within an institution. This pressures the universities to look for new ways that are going to satisfy these needs and ways to keep the students and the rest of the customers satisfied before any other institution does (West, Ford, & Ibrahim, 2010, pg.89).According to Bay, Darlenen, Daniel, &Harold (p. 15), students are the purchasers of the service provides and therefore the customers of some of the campus services and the facilities, which are provided at a price. Students have to pay for the education provided at full price in order to benefit. The service provider determines the standards of the service though the services provided at aimed at satisfying the customers. This is similar with the universities who are expected to determine the needs of the customers but at the same time ensure that they satisfy the customers needs.Students can also be seen as clients of the campus facilities such as libraries, administrative services, and computer laboratories. Students could use these services as free of charge but since they are charged this makes the students the clients of the universities. These universities have a responsibility to the studentsTotal Quality ManagementAccording to total quality, management customers are the people to whom an organization sells its services or products. This makes the students and in some cases the parents, private and public institution, and the government the customers of the universities. TQM model identifies students as stakeholders in educational decisions. They are however, not the only stakeholders and at times, the needs of the students come second to those of the society. Under the TQM, frame work the students create a market force under which the universities have to adopt to survive in the market (White & Naomi, 2007, p. 600).The TQM model states that quality starts and ends with the customer, this is because of the increased competition in the market that has necessitated the focus on the customer to gain a competitive advantage. According to the concept, the satisfaction of cozy customers leads to the satisfaction of the external customers and consequently every customer both the external and internal are satisfied.The theory states that several divisors including, customer expectation, company operations, and the employees responsible for delivering the services to the customer bring about customer satisfaction. The creation of a customer centric culture is of great importance to an organization. This creates satisfaction among the consumers and the customers increasing their royalty and increases the retention rate of customers. Focus on customers increases the advertisement of a product by the word of mouth of the satisfied clients reducing the operation cost and increasing the number of consumers. Conce ntration on consumers is the best tactic or weapon against competitors since the customers are the final determinants in the existence of an organization (George & David, 2007, p.970).Universities are businesses that should re-orient the services rendered so to keep the customers satisfied. In the past universities were not treated as businesses since there were countable universities and the number of students were minimal and there were no competition. Currently the market is flooded with universities, which increases the need of the perception of the customer as the king and always right. With the increased number of universities the buyers of universities services are fewer and this increases the need for quality services which is dependent on the extent that an university is able to meet and exceed the customers requirements (King, 2001, p.190).Total quality, management recognizes the students perception of quality change as they progress from one set up to another. This allow s the institutions to continuously update their services to meet the customers needs and expectations in every level, Needs of the customers in universities consist of the minimum necessary human elements that must be rendered to retain the customers in this case the student. If the students needs are not met then they are likely to discontinue their education in one university and continue in another that meets its needs.Universities are defined to be successful if the student enrollment and retention rate is high compared to the rest in the market. Total quality, management programs are also seen to be successful if they facilitate customer retention and enrollment in universities. Needs and want satisfaction in universities is therefore structured towards the rudiments of performance, providing what the students want and what they are unable to survive without (White & Naomi, 2007, p. 600).Ways in Which Expectations Can Be Managed and Service Excellence AchievedUniversities can use different mechanisms to improve their service excellence. The first strategy on improving service excellence is the determination of the superior services they offer. The service must identify and target customers segments according to the type of services attributes that they must demand. Universities must identify group or students with similar expectations in terms of what aspects are associated with the excellence in service. The universities should continuously find the right-hand(a) trade- off between inferior performance for one attribute with superior performance for another (Bay, Darlene, Daniel &Harold, 2001, p.16),The customers themselves best understand their needs. Expectations can be managed if the service providers are able to understand the needs of the customers. In universities, the students are the main consumers of the services offered. Universities should identify the students needs by encouraging feedback on the services provided. This allows the meeting o f their needs and consequently increasing the customer royalty and the enrollment rate.The second strategy is the employee management system that allows ensures that the employees treat the customers are content. Universities should ensure that their employees meet the needs of the customers and have a customer centric culture. In the case of universities the academic personnel should ensure the students needs are met and also that the services rendered are of quality (Lomas & Laurie, 2007, p.35)The third element is benchmarking the service provided and the services provided by other universities. This allows the universities to identify the areas that need improving and the areas that are outstanding. This allows the universities to merge or close up the gap between them and their competitors. Benchmarking also gives new ideas of products or the services that the competitors are offering. This increases the products offered and the quality of service (West, Ford, & Ibrahim, 2010, p g.89).The fourth element is continuous improvement of the services and products offered by institutions. The continuous improvement of services reduces the chances of products becoming obsolete. University students needs keep changing with periods, change in equipment infrastructure, and the time. This necessitates the universities to update their services continuously so at to increase customer satisfaction and maintain customer royalty.The last step is being of conscious of bad service delivery. Looking at the past bad experiences allows and institutions to nail what are being done wrong. Continuous review of past mistakes allow the correction of the poor standard services previously provided and introduction of new services that meet the customers need. The last is the implementation of technology to improve customer satisfaction and in meeting the customer needs. The increased perception of students as customers has increased the enrollment in most universities. This is because of the students feeling that their needs are catered for. This has been evident with the increased enrollments in the oxford university.ConclusionThe focus on customers is a core objective for any business. Universities are classified as service delivery business with the students being the major customers. The identification of the customer needs is a relevant and important factor in the satisfaction of customer needs. In universities and higher education institutions students are classified as customers since they are the purchasers of the services provided by the institutions. Universities are obliged to provide quality services to the students. There has been increased number of universities with time, which has increased the competition among the universities to gain competitive advantage. The increased competition has necessitated the need for a customer centric culture to gain more customers.ReferencesBay, D. & Daniel, H. 2001. The Student Is Not the Customer-An Alternative Perspective, Journal of Marketing for high Education Vol.11, No. 1, pp.1-19Biswas, S. 2011. Relationship marketing concepts, theories and cases. sore Dehli, India, PHI Learning.George, D. 2007. Market Overreach The Student As Customer, The Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol.36, pp.965-977HErnon, P., & Whitman, J. R. 2000. Delivering satisfaction and service quality a customer-based approach for libraries. Chicago, American Library Association.Hess, E. D. 2011. Growing an entrepreneurial business concepts and cases. Stanford, California, Stanford Business Books.King, S.P. 2001. The Funding of Higher Education in Australia Overview and Alternatives, The Australian Economic Review, Vol.34, No.2, pp.190-194Lomas, L. 2007. Are Students Customers? Perceptions of Academic Staff, Quality in Higher Education, Vol.13, No.1, April, pp.32-43Martinez, M. 2013. Creating a service culture in higher education administration.West, D. C., Ford, J. B., & Ibrahim, E. 2010. Strategic marketing creating c ompetitive advantage. Oxford, Oxford University Press.White, N, R. 2007. The Customer Is Always Right? Student Discourse About Higher Education In Australia, High Education, Vol.54, pp.593-604.

My Kind of Writing

Merola Page 1 of 2 Lyndsay Merola English 1100-05 My Kind of Writing in that respect are many different types and styles of penning with their own purpose. I can express myself and others in in all different kinds of ways. For example in that respect is expository indite, descriptive written material, annals makeup, persuasive writing and originative writing. Yes, they are all ways of writing besides they individually share their own purpose. Expository writing is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, or explain the authors subject to the reader. I someoneally like expository writing because it can be very aristocratical to accomplish and it doesnt require much thinking.Descriptive writing is very similar. It is writing that describes a concomitant person, rove or event in great detail. Narrative writing is writing that tells a story, whether true or legendal. I love narrative writing because there are options to be creative with it. Persuasive writing was very popular for me in High School, Almost every month we would have to write an set about on persuading somebody in a particular idea or thought. For persuasive writing you need good reasons and examples. Last but not least(prenominal) there is creative writing. Creative writing is basically considered to be any writing, fiction, poetry, or non-fiction.It is very basic and is my personal favorite Merola Page 2 of 2 because I tone free and more dissonant to write approximately whatever I want and not just a main guinea pig or idea. A journal is an example of creative writing and I like being able to use a journal because it helps me get thoughts out, but keep memories in. In my college writing class, I feel like our essays are based on more creative writing. When I wrote about my most embarrassing moment, I actually laughed and had fun writing it because it wasnt political or educational, but it was about life and different experiences.I like writing about square life situations because it is a lot easier to write about and the ideas come more natural to me. Honestly when I think of persuasive writing, I maintain it boring. Whenever I find myself writing a persuasive essay, I find myself thinking of a good enough lie to make the reader believe me and so I could persuade to them my point of view. Persuasive writing is very boring and could be very difficult at times, but somehow I find myself struggle through it. There are in any case different kinds of writing like academic writing, professional writing, business writing, and copywriting.You can write about non-fiction, fiction or even poems. I prefer writing about non-fiction because I find it more useful and interesting. Overall, there are many different types and styles of writing with their own purposes. Some people enjoy writing stories, writing about their life, writing because there is a purpose, or writing because there may be no purpose behind it. It varies on the person behind t he paper. I enjoy writing about realistic things, but everyone is different and creative in their own ways.My Kind of WritingMerola Page 1 of 2 Lyndsay Merola English 1100-05 My Kind of Writing There are many different types and styles of writing with their own purpose. I can express myself and others in all different kinds of ways. For example there is expository writing, descriptive writing, Narrative writing, persuasive writing and creative writing. Yes, they are all ways of writing but they each share their own purpose. Expository writing is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, or explain the authors subject to the reader. I personally like expository writing because it can be very easy to accomplish and it doesnt require much thinking.Descriptive writing is very similar. It is writing that describes a particular person, place or event in great detail. Narrative writing is writing that tells a story, whether true or fictional. I love narrative writing beca use there are options to be creative with it. Persuasive writing was very popular for me in High School, Almost every month we would have to write an essay on persuading somebody in a particular idea or thought. For persuasive writing you need good reasons and examples. Last but not least there is creative writing. Creative writing is basically considered to be any writing, fiction, poetry, or non-fiction.It is very basic and is my personal favorite Merola Page 2 of 2 because I feel free and more open to write about whatever I want and not just a main topic or idea. A journal is an example of creative writing and I like being able to use a journal because it helps me get thoughts out, but keep memories in. In my college writing class, I feel like our essays are based on more creative writing. When I wrote about my most embarrassing moment, I actually laughed and had fun writing it because it wasnt political or educational, but it was about life and different experiences.I like writi ng about real life situations because it is a lot easier to write about and the ideas come more natural to me. Honestly when I think of persuasive writing, I find it boring. Whenever I find myself writing a persuasive essay, I find myself thinking of a good enough lie to make the reader believe me and so I could persuade to them my point of view. Persuasive writing is very boring and could be very difficult at times, but somehow I find myself struggle through it. There are also different kinds of writing like academic writing, professional writing, business writing, and copywriting.You can write about non-fiction, fiction or even poems. I prefer writing about non-fiction because I find it more useful and interesting. Overall, there are many different types and styles of writing with their own purposes. Some people enjoy writing stories, writing about their life, writing because there is a purpose, or writing because there may be no purpose behind it. It varies on the person behind t he paper. I enjoy writing about realistic things, but everyone is different and creative in their own ways.

William Shakespeare: Greatest Poet & Playwright

Englands greatest poet and playwright was born in Stratford, the son of a tradesman and Alderman of Stratford, John Shakespe are in 1564. William, the eldest son, and third child of eight, was baptized on the 26th April 1564. He received his early education at Stratford Grammar School, provided little is known of his demeanor up to his eighteenth year. His Grammar School curriculum would check provided a formidable linguistic, and to some extent literary education. It is noted that he did not like grammar but did have a love for dramatics.Shakespeare attended Kings New School in Stratford which was one of the best grammar schools. Shakespeare read many books. He utilize some of these books as sources for his plays.One of his most prominent sources of literature was the book The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre families of Lancaster and York written by Hall. Shakespeare used this book to help inscribe his plays about many kings including three plays about Henry VI and a play wr itten about Richard III. Also he wrote Othello on the cornerstone of Hecatommithi and Twelfth Night on the basis of His Fare wellhead to Military Profession. More than fifty percent of Shakespeares plays were influenced from various groups of topics.Other things that influenced Shakespeares plays were his life experiences. As a young boy dramatic events that occurred led to his committal to writing of Hamlet. The drowning of a girl named Katherine he knew was also a source of his playwriting.History affected his writing as well. One of Shakespeares most heralded plays was based on the life and demise of Julius Caesar. He gathered information about Caesar, and with his literary splendor wrote about Caesar and his story in a unique perspective. Also the life of Marc Antony was very influential in one of Shakespeares great plays, as well as the bible and other chronicles. Many of these influences were brought upon by his education, which taught his a lot about history and its figure s.Many reasons can be given for Shakespeares terrific appeal. His fame basically is from his great understanding of human nature. He was able to find universal human qualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that are timeless. to that degree he had the ability to create characters that are highly individual human beings. Their struggles in life are universal. Sometimes they are successful and sometimes their lives are full of pain, suffering, and failure.In addition to his understanding and realistic view of human nature, Shakespeare had a vast knowledge of a variety of subjects. These subjects include music, law, Bible, stage, art, politics, history, hunting, and sports. Shakespeare had a marvelous influence on culture and literature throughout the world. He contributed greatly to the development of the English language. Many words and phrases from Shakespeares plays and poems have become part of our speech.Shakespeares plays and poems have become a req uired part of education in the United States. Therefore, his ideas on subjects such as romantic love, heroism, comedy, and tragedy have helped shape the attitudes of millions of people. His translation of historical figures and events has influenced our thinking more than what has been written in history books. The world has admired and respected many great writers, but only Shakespeare has generated such enormous continuing interest.

Harm of Texting

Many pargonnts and educators fear that the texting craze may have negative set up on puerilers piece of music skills. Because this is a relatively new area of concern, the few studies that have been done are inclusive. Everyone does, however, realize that text messaging is here to stay. consider the following articles. Summarize each article in at least two paragraphs per article. Then write your own opinion of the role of text messaging. (Everyone piece of tail agree that texting succession driving is dangerous, so dont get sidetracked by this point. ) Teens ready to prove text-messaging skills can score SAT pointsMany experts deal that teen hop on composition is as strong as ever due to the revolution of e-mail, instant-messaging (IM), text messaging and the internet. Many teens communicate on a daily al-Qaida using one or more of these methods. As a result, many experts believe that this generation is more proficient with the written word. Al Filreis, director of the deco ct for Programs in Contemporary Writing at the University of Pennsylvania, has seen the quality of student writing at the high school level go way up, and this is explained by the event that they do more writing than they ever did. He believes that theres a genuine writing renaissance under way. Overall, this can help improve writing hit on the SAT, since it has undergone the broadest revision in its 80-year history. One of the biggest changes is a 25-minute, two-page essay. Other experts are not so sure ab knocked out(p) teens competence in real career English. John Briggs, an English professor at the University of California, Riverside, says that Though online reading may be thriving, the amount of reading that students do in preparation for college is sinking. He believes that online writing may cultivate informal use of language but it does not increase kids access to formal literature. He says, Americans have always been informal, but straight the informality of precollege culture is so ubiquitous that many students have no practice in using language in any formal vista at all. Some experts believe that although bias exists in scoring the SAT essays, that the SAT essay could urge high schools to step up their writing instruction.Teachers curb that there is room for improvement and hope for renewed emphasis or writing programs in high schools. Many experts believe that writing instruction go out get stronger. Problems associated with teen texting Millions of preteens and teens (ages 10-18) are taking advantage of the great options, including text messaging and picture messaging, offered with cell phones, PDAs or Ipods. This generation is send messages on everything including answers to exam questions and discussion about their secret life.Many parents are concerned that todays preteens and teenagers are on the cell phones too much, which diminishes their use of straight-laced grammar and the knowledge of sentence structure. Preteens and Teens have created their own language as a form of acronyms over their personal cell phones. Some educators suggest that this new age form of messaging may be hindering todays teens abilities to apply grammar correctly in their writing and social skills. Many parents believe that they should proctor the type of messages that are sent over their cell phones and assist preteens and teens in proper spelling and grammar.However, there are numerous benefits as well as problems with the emergence of text messaging. It has brought a great deal of convenience, quickness, and a new language to our society. It has also created a very common but dangerous problem, texting while driving. The author of this article, Alfred Valenzuela, personally likes text messaging because it has many advantages. Many businesses use text messaging to remind you of appointments or to remind you to pay a bill.But the author, as a concerned parent, is also worried about its effects on preteens and teens ability to read and write. My opinion of the role of text messaging I believe that the role of text messaging is meant to help keep society moving at a fast and high-octane pace. Teenagers use text messaging as a way to have multiple conversations with plenty in their lives. It enables you to multi-task as well. Businesses use text messaging all around the world to give out quick information. It does not require them to call each associate one by one.A text message can reach up to 50 people at one time. I play baseball and my coach uses text messaging as a way to communicate with all of the players on the team. This is efficient in keeping the team informed in a timely manner because he does not have access to email all of the time. I think text messaging helps with communication as well. It takes less time and less effort to send a text then to call someone. masses are constantly on the go and text messaging allows people to keep up with their business and social lives.Efficiency and consistency c reates success. That is why there are constantly new upgrades of phones and other devices that work faster. Many people have very busy lives which make a demand for quicker and more efficient technology to help manage their lifestyles. I believe that the role of text messaging has been abused and used in ways that threaten the lives of people as well. However, overall it has helped society progress and achieves higher levels of success in a short amount of time.

Hn 144 Unit 4 Assignment Essay

You will submit a 23 page double-spaced paper which should include a application sheet and references page where you cite the article and the Code of Ethics. These are the only two sources you will hold for this Assignment. If you choose to use additional sources, you will need to cite them as well. The paper should be written in APA format using Times New Roman, 12-point font. It should be no less than 500 oral communication and written in paragraph format. You will need to include in-text citations and references. Part BEthics are defined as a set of chaste principles and perceptions about right versus wrong and the resulting philosophy of conduct that is practiced by an individual, group, profession, or culture (Barker, 2001, p. 159). In the field of human services you will be interacting with individuals with a variety of needs within m either systems. Due to the span of diversity among individuals it is important for you to become familiar with the ethical standards as set forwards for human service professionals. The following Assignment will require you to find and discuss the importance of the ethical standards as developed by the interior(a) presidency of Human service (NOHS).A code of ethics is an explicit statement of the values, principles, and rules of a profession, regulating the conduct of its members (Barker, 2001, p. 84). For this part of the Assignment, please complete the following 1. On the internet, locate the Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals developed by the National Organization of Human Services. 2. After finding the National Organization of Human Services ethical standards website make sure to bookmark this site as you will continue to reference this website throughout your studies. 3. Based upon the article in Part A, rate one ethical issue that may lead you as a human service professional to review the ethical standards and how you can resolve any ethical concerns.Why are the National Organization of Human Se rvice ethical standards important to follow as you begin to work with individuals, families, groups, and communities? 4. Cite the National Organization of Human Services website and the Halstead article on your reference page. Submitting Your AssignmentPut your Assignment in a Word document. Save it in a location, and with a name, that you will remember. When you are ready to submit it, go to theDropbox and complete the go below * Click the link that says Submit an Assignment.* In the Submit to hoop menu, select Unit 4 Assignment * In the Comments field, make sure to add at least the title of your paper. * Click the Add Attachments button.* Follow the steps listed to attach your Word document.* To view your graded work, come back to the Dropbox or go to the Gradebook after your instructor has evaluated it. Make sure that you save a model of your submitted Assignment.STEVES JOURNEY ON THE HEROS PATHIt was a warm afternoon, characteristic of those in New England when one last bit o f pass lingers before the emergence of autumn colors. I was a counselor in acollege counseling center, and the afternoon had been quiet as is usual for that time of year when students are initial settling in on campus. Our office managerinformed me that a student had just walked in requesting to talk to a counselor about his difficulty sleeping. My first thought was that a student coming forcounseling on a beautiful afternoon and presenting with sleep disturbance would be dealing with the typical issues of a novel student adjusting to college. I had no ideajust how atypical my encounter would be. Steve was a tall, slender male student in his early 20s.Upon greeting him, I noticed that his stage lacked complete symmetry. The left side of his face was void ofexpression, and when he talked his lips pulled to his right. As we made our mood to my office, I also noticed that his gait was unsteady, and he walked cautiously. As Ibegan a standard assessment, Steve told me that he was a junior transfer student who had graduated 3 months earlier from a community college near his internal. Hewas away from home for the first time, had taken an apartment off-campus, and was living alone. He explained that he felt nervous about being away at school, washaving trouble sleeping, and needed to cost this so that he could do well academically. He told me he had looked forward to attending this school for many yearsand did not want anything to stand in the way of his success. It was Steves medical history, however, that revealed the deeper elements of his struggle. At the age of 20, Steve had been a victim of a random violent attack. He had

Computerized Accounting System Essay

Background of the StudyEvery enlighten is dedicated to the improvement of its quality of education. And adept of it is by upgrading their school breathing system for the convenience of both teachers and students. Though computers become very easy and convenient to use, there are still animated manual system among schools. Technology was endorse to us decades ago, and its still growing rapidly up until now and progressing more and more so we gather in no choice but to catch up to these seasonal change in the field of technological modernization so that we can make our school capable of competing other modernize schools.In high school, they always want to be one of the best schools in the region. And for that, they need the requirements to be strictly enforced into their schools so that students that were graduating in elementary lead go to their school. For them to be aim these goals, this is where our system will be needed to raise the schools moral to the students that was en rolled and will call for the school to enrol for on the next years to come.Our study is concerned with the process of calculation and collection of student fees of Saint Louis High School of Balatoc. Computations of teaching fees are done manually that makes it risky because it causes some errors in calculation that sometimes leads to a double payment. As a result of the manual system, students lead to form a very long line before reaching the cashier to pay tuition fees. Its really a pain in the head for the students because i felt that way too when I was at high school years before. Back to the study, Parents even come to school and speak out on double payments because the computation is done manually and we are humans and we cant afford to make some human errors sometimes.With these, we came up with a study, a computerized account receivable system. With the use of the computerized system, forming lines during payments will be lessened or even eliminated. It will help the stu dent for not getting deeply on every examination period to their designated classes. It will also facilitate automatic and accurate computation of fees that take less time and effort compared to their existing manual computation system. Double payments will also be prevented and even eliminated because you willjust enter the keywords and the computer will do the rest. Above all, it will make your work faster and easier with ease and less overtime papers works.

Ebay’s Strategy in China: Alliance or Acquisition Essay

In December 2006, eBay Inc., a US company that offered e-commerce, e-payments and internet communication inspection and repairs globally, announced its plan to form a joint venture with chinaware-based online portal and wireless operator, TOM Online, in which eBay would have 49% ownership.1 The ingrain reflected the increasing difficulties foreign internet companies were facing in their attempts to snatch a share of the Chinese trade amid fierce competition and a changing market environment.eBay first set foot in China in 2002 by acquiring 33% interest in EachNeta domestic online auction company, followed by a full acquisition in 2003.2,3 In 2005, eBay acquired Skype4 to expand into the online communication sector. While Skype was a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay globally, it operated indirectly in China via a joint venture with TOM Online. Due to this existing relationship between the two companies,5 TOM Online seemed to be a natural choice of participator for eBays subsequen t decision with regards to its online marketplace duty. Recognising TOM Onlines local knowledge and political connections, eBay believed that a joint venture would benefit its failing business enterprise in China and help the company further develop its Chinese market.6 Some analysts questioned whether political connections alone were the answer and suggested that eBay focus on its product and service offerings.7 1Vara, V. and Chao, L. (20 December 2006) EBays China retreat highlights a tough market, Wall Street Journal. eBay (Date Unknown) eBay and EachNet Team Up in China, campaign Release, http//investor.ebay.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=74802 (accessed 27 April 2007). 3After the full acquisition in 2003, eBay operated under the name of eBay EachNet. 4Skype is a peer-to-peer software program that allows people to make let go of calls over the internet to anyone who also subscribes to this service. Skype provided peer-to-peer internet telephony serviceie, instant messaging and online telephone service. In 2005, eBay acquired 49% stake in Skype China, with TOM Online owning the rest. beginning Schwankert, S. (20 December 2006) EBay to replace Chinese auction site with JV, ITworld.com, http//www.itworld.com/Tech/2403/061220ebay/ (accessed 27 April 2007). 6Bradsher, K. (22 December 2006) With TOM Online, eBay gains Chinese clout, International annunciate Tribute. 7Rein, S. (24 December 2006) TOM Online Must Focus on Products Connections Dont Ensure Success, SeekingAlpha, http//china.seekingalpha.com/article/22946 (accessed 20 June 2007). 2Isabella Chan prepared this expression under the supervision of Prof. Zhigang Tao and Dr Jiangyong Lu for class discussion. This case is not intended to show effective or ineffective handling of decision or business processes. This research was partially supported by a grant from the University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. AoE/H-05/99).

Linguistics and Language Essay

What will be covered in this class? How do we produce and recognize voice communi twation? How do we perceive terminology, letters, and censures? How do we learn and recall learning from texts? How can we improve texts to make them easier to learn? How does the brain function to process linguistic communication? What atomic number 18 the causes and effects of reading disabilities? Is on that point language in other species? Central themes in psycholinguistics 1) What experience of language is subscribe toed for us to use language? unsounded (implicit) knowledge vs. Explicit knowledge tacit knowledge of how to perform some issue, only not aw atomic number 18 of full rules explicit knowledge of the processes of mechanisms in performing that thing 2) What cognitive processes are knotty in the ordinary use of language? How do we understand a lecture, read a book, hold a communion? cognitive processes perception, remembrance, thinking, learning Some definitions of b asic comp onenessnts of language SemanticsThe sozzleding of scripts and sentences Syntax The grammatical arrangement of lecture in a sentence or idiomatic expression Phonology The sound pattern of language Pragmatics How language is used in a social contextExamples from psycholinguistics Parsing garden path sentences The novice trus iirthy the deal before he had a chance to check his finances, which intrust him in a state of battle when he actuallyized he had a straight flush. 1) The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be tr individuallyerous 2).The evidence examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable The process of parsing is the process of making decisions The effect of prior knowledge on comprehension The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do.If you leave to go somewhere else delinquent to lack of facilities, that is the next step o therwise you are pretty well organize. It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the swindle run this may not take care important, but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At jump line the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this project in the immediate future, but then one never can tell. After the procedure is completed, one arranges the materials intodifferent groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more, and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life. Bransford & tinson, 1973 Recall No context 2. 8 stem units out of a maximum of 18 Context afterwards 2. 7 idea units Context before 5. 8 idea units Child language development How many words do you know? Hint Dictionary ha s round 450,000 entries Test high school graduates How many words do they know? About 45,000 english words About 60,000 including names and foreign words.The average six year old knows virtually 13,000 words. Learning about 10 words per day since age 1. (One every 90 minutes) How much do we have to initiate children to learn language? Do you have to teach a child to walk? Is it the same way of learning a language? My teacher holded the baby rabbits and we patted them I eated my dinner A brief news report of psycholinguistics Wilhem Wundt (early 1900s) Interest in mental processes of language production Sentence as the primary unit of language Speech production is the transformation of complete vista processes into sequentially unionised speech segments.Behaviorism (1920s-1950s) Rejected the focus on mental processes Measurement found on objective behavior (primarily in lab animals) How does experience (reward and punishment) shape behavior? B. F. Skinner Children learn language through shaping (correction of speech errors) Associative chain theory A sentence consists of a chain of associations between individual words in the sentence Whats wrong with the behaviorist approach? Noam Chomsky (1950s present) 1) Colorless green ideas sleep furiously 2) furiously sleep ideas green colorless. 3) George picked up the baby.4) George picked the baby up. Almost every sentence uttered is a new combination of words The Poverty of stimulus production line at that place is not enough randomness in the language samples given to children to account for the richnes and complexity of childrens language The pattern of development is not found on parental speech but on innate language knowledge linguistic Diversity vs. Linguistic Universals Linguistic diversity There appears to be a lot of diversity among languages Even within languages there is diversity When are two languages different?We speak the same language if we can understand each otherExceptions Norwegi an and Swedish Cantonese and Mandarin Dialects within languages The myth of pure language How/why do languages change? Why does there seem to be a correct English? Members of the dominant (most powerful) sub-culture tend to speak one dialect and may punish those who do not Linguistic male chauvinism Belief that ones own language/dialect is the best of all practical languages Black English Vernacular (BEV) Study by William Labov Interviewed black street youth You know, like some people say if youre good an sh*t, your aspect goin theaven . . .n if you bad, your spirit goin to hell. Well, bullsh*t Your spirit goin to hell anyway, good or bad. Why? Why? Ill tell you why. Cause, you see, doesn nobody really know that its a God, yknow, cause I mean I have seen black gods, white gods, all color gods, and go int nobody know its really a God. An when they be sayin if you good, you goin theaven, thas bullsh*t, cause you aint goin to no heaven, cause it aint no heaven for you to go to. Place holders There vs. It in the copulative Copula Is, Was optional Negatives You aint goin to no heaven.BEV just as linguistically complex as Standard American English We dont see/understand the complexity in other languages Moral All languages seem to permit as wide range of expressions as others Linguistic Universals What is in common with all languages? Sentences are built from words ground on the same physiological processes All languages have words All humanness have ways of making sounds. Languages tend to use a small set of phonemic sounds Phoneme The minimal unit of sound that contributes to signification How many phonemes in a language? English 40 phonemes Range Polynesian 11 to Khoisan 141.Discreteness Messages in human language (e. g. speech sounds) are made up of units of which there is a discrete ( exceptional) number Arbitrariness The dealinghip between meatful elements in language and their denotation is independent of any physical resemblance between the two. delivery do not have to look or sound like what they describe Openness New linguistic messages are wee-weed freely and easily Languages are not cumbered in a way so that there are a limited number of messages that can be created. Linguistic Productivity The ability to understand and create an unlimited number of sentences.The question studied by psycholinguists is how to characterize and account for the creativity to construct and create an infinite number of sentences given the limited capabilities of the human brain Duality of Patterning Language involves relating two different kinds of patterns or forms of representation A phonological musical arrangement A semantic system These two systems use very different types of codes, although there is a phonological representation for each item in the semantic system Phrase structure Information on how a sentence is grouped into phrases. The quiet boy ate the red apple A set of Phrase social organisation rulesPS 1 S (se ntence) - NP + VP PS 2 NP (noun phrase)- det + (adj) + N PS 3 VP (verb phrase) - V +NP PS 4 N (noun) - boy, dog, man, book PS 5 V (verb) - ate, broke, kissed PS 6 adj (adjective - quiet, red, happy, wormy PS 7 det (determiner) - a, the We use lexical-insertion rules to put words into the structure. Phrase-structure rules try a good account of phrase-structure ambiguity. They are broiling hens Morphology Morphology is the component of grammar that builds words out of units of meaning (morphemes)A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language How many morphemes? bird firetruck undereducated unmicrowaveability Insights from American Sign Language (ASL) Unlike speech, signs are expressed in visual or spatial form Do a lot of the same grammatical concepts hold? Arbitrariness ASL possesses iconicity signs can represent objects or actions to which they refer. However, the grade of iconicity has declined over the years Duality of Patterning signs are sedate of smaller elements th at are meaningless Example 3 parameters 19 determine of hand configuration. 12 values of place of articulation 24 values of movements vacuous patterns can be combined in various ways to from ASL signs. What about openness and discreteness within ASL? Transformational Grammar (Chomsky 1950s) Language an infinite set of well-formed sentences Grammar A finite set of rules that bring backs sentences in the language How do we know that a grammar is a good theory of language? Three criteria Observational Adequacy A grammar is observationally adequate if it generates all acceptable sequences and no unacceptable sequences. Descriptive adequacyA grammar moldiness also explain how a sentence relates to other sentences that are similar & opposite in meaning. The ball was caught by John John caught the ball The ball was not caught by John Explanatory adequacy It is possible for multiple grammars to attain observational and descriptive adequacy. Which is the correct/best one? Children learn ing language are presented with many samples of language and must determine the grammar from these samples. There must be some innate language constraints that help children determine the correct grammar. There exist Linguistic Universals that are common to all languages.The feature that there are similarities in languages is based on the position that languages are determined by the nature of the mental structures and processes which characterize human beings A Grammar must explain the role of linguistic universals in language acquisition Deep and develop structure Deep structure The structure of the sentence that conveys the meaning of the sentence. Surface bodily structure The superficial arrangement of constituents Deep structure ambiguity A single surface structure that is based on two different turbid structures Flying planes can be dangerous.Phrase structure rules would not be able to account for the differences in meaning Sentences can have similar phrase structure, alt hough their underlying structure is different John is easy to please John is eager to please Sentences can different surface structure, but similar thick structure Arlene played the tuba The tuba was played by Arlene Transformational Grammar A two part process to derive a sentence 1) Use Phrase-structure rules to generate the underlying tree structure (deep structure)2) Apply a sequence of transformational rules to the deepstructure to generate the surface structure of the sentence Transformations occur by adding, deleting or moving constituents John phoned up the woman John phoned the woman up Phrase structure approachTwo different rules VP V + (particle) + NP VP V + NP + (particle) Each sentence is derived separately, victimization different phrase structure rules. Transformational grammar approach One rule V + particle + NP V + NP + particle John phoned up the interesting woman John phoned the interesting woman up John phoned up the woman with the curly hair John phoned the w oman with the curly hair up.Restrictions on transformations The particle-movement transformation can not be applied to pronouns John called them up *John called up them Example 2 Passive transformation NP1 + V + NP2 NP2 + be + V + en + by + NP1 Arlene played the tuba The tuba was played by Arlene Psychological Reality of Transformational Grammar If using language is a process of converting the deep structure to the surface structure, then the number of transformation rules applied should affect how long it takes to process a sentence.However, experiments do not consistently show that this holds true Current theories of grammar lexical-Function GrammarMade up of three components a constituent structure, a functional structure, and lexical entries Constituent Structure Similar to phrase structure Functional StructureAll the information needed for semantic interpretation John told Mary to leave Bill proclaim tell (subj, obj, V-comp) Tense Past Subj John Obj Mary V-comp predicate leav e subj Mary obj Bill Lexical Entries Lexical entries contain information about the forms of the word the kinds of sentences into which they fit, arguments and semantic roles Mary kissed John John was kissed by Mary Entry for kiss includes underlying semantic structurekiss ( divisor, patient).Forms of the word kiss agent = subject patient = object (be) kiss agent=object patient = subject Major significance of LFG Most of the explanation of how we process language is based on the lexicon (where we store information about words) . Government-Binding Theory or Universal Grammar Chomskys view of innate grammatical mechanisms. In GB theory, grammar is modular. Grammar due to fundamental interaction of several independent subsystems, or modules. Each module is fairly simple and performs part of the task But all modules interact in order to constrain the rules made by the other modules in the grammar.Implications We all inherit a universal grammar that can be set to different parameter v alues. These parameter values correspond to different languages. As we get experience with a language, we acquire these parameter values, and thus the language upon which it is based. Research methods in Psycholinguistics How do we observe, collect information on phenomena related to psycholinguistics? Naturalistic Observation Observing information in a non-experimental setting Slips of the tongue Phonological switching Crushing blow colour crow semantic replacements blond eyes for blond hair.Language Acquisition The use of language over time Data from naturalistic observation Rich, but hard to analyze Controlled experiments Goal test an empirical hypothesis Hypothesis A chapter will be easier to understand if each section starts with a thick of what will be said. Independent Variable Variable that is manipulated to test the hypothesis. Dependent Variable Variable representing the behavior we want to measure Control Variables Other variables we need to control in order to see the effect of the independent variable Subjects Who is going to participate in the experiment?Analysis How do we know if there are differences bewteen the two chapters? The Human Information Processing System What psychological mechanisms are have-to doe with in using language? The Sensory store Processes entryway information from the environment Individual arresting stores for each sense Information retained for a short duration The visual sensory store Experiments by Sperling (1960) X M R K C N J P V F L B The partial report technique Auditory sensory store Experiment by Darwin, Turvey & Crowder (1972) 3 digits or letters auditorally presented to each ear and center at the same time.What is the use of the sensory store? It maintains information long enough so that we can do additional processing to it. Working memory or short term memory (STM) STM used to describe the fact that it holds information for a short time, while working memory refers to the processing efficacy. STM w orks as a temporary holding place for intermediate decisions. Limited in size. Chunking Working memory there is a limited amount of processing capacity that you can use as you perform a problem Long term memory Knowledge of how to do things, things we have learned, grammar rules, personal memories.All knowledge that is not active. Information that becomes active is retrieved from LTM and put in STM. Anything we learn is first processed in STM and some of it is put into LTM occasional vs. Semantic Memory distinction Semantic memory Organized knowledge of words, concepts, symbols and objects. motor skills, general knowledge, spatial knowledge , social skills. All information is organized semantically, but not tagged based on when it was learned. Episodic memory Holds traces of events specific time and place. Memory of personal experiences. Interaction between semantic and occasional memory.What does the organization of the information processing system have to do with language pro cessing? Pattern Recognition Parsing/understanding sentences in working memory This is a long sentence and yet somehow you can keep it all in working memory The organization of Long Term Memory That cat plays really cool jazz Serial vs. line of latitude Processing Serial processing One process working at a time Parallel Processing Multiple processes working at a time In a serial dumbfound of language processing, individual modules would work one at a time to process the information.A parallel vex would say that the processes happen at the same time. Parallel models as neurally inspired models of cognitive processes top-down vs. Bottom-Up processing Cognitive processing occurs at levels Bottom-up processing is done in such a way that all processing occurs starting from the lowest level processes and proceeds onto the higher level processes Higher level processes do not influence any of the processing done at the get down levels Top down processing Information at the higher levels influences processing at the lower levels. Advantages and disadvantages of Top-Down processing Automatic vs.Controlled processes We have a limited amount of processes that we can do at a time. Controlled processing Processes that require a substantial amount of cognitive processing. Automatic processing Processes that do not require a substantial amount of cognitive processing. The role of practice in automatic processing The Stroop effect Putting it all together Cognitive processes in action The novice accepted the deal before he had a chance to check his finances, which put him in a state of conflict when he realized he had a straight flush. The Internal Lexicon How are words stored? What are they made up of?How are word related to each other? How do we use them? Internal lexicon The representation of words in long term memory Lexical Access How do we activate the meanings of words? Aspects of Meaning Reference The relationship between words and things in the world Things in the world are referents of a word My dog has fleas My dog is from vitiate But not all reference can be mapped to concrete things Abstract words Love, Justice, Equality Non existent objects Unicorn, Martians Meaning is not restricted to the real world, but also imaginary worlds Sense The relationship of a word with other words in the language Student at NMSU vs.Undergraduate at NMSU Synonymy (same meaning) Car Automobile Antonymy (opposite meaning) Happy Sad Incompatibility (do the words contradict each other? ) John is happy vs. John is sad subordination (are they part of the same class? ) A dog is an animal, Bowser is a dog, Denotation vs. Connotation Denotation The objective meaning of the word Connotation The aspect of the meaning beyond its explicit meaning Bachelor Spinster Hungry Starving The Mental Representation of Meaning The representation of the meaning of a word is based on the semantic features of that word.We acquire the meaning of a word by learning its semantic feature s Children make semantic mistakes Verbs of possession. We understand more than the meaning, we have knowledge of the relations between these words sold vs. paid give vs. receive lose vs. find Prototypes Some members of a course of instruction are better instances of the category than others Apple vs. pomegranate What makes a prototype? More central semantic features What type of dog is a prototypical dog What are the features of it? We are meteoric at retrieving prototypes of a category than other members of the category Semantic Networks.Words can be represented as an interconnected network of sense relations Each word is a particular node Connections among nodes represent semantic relationships Mental models A model/understanding of how the world works and how pieces of textual information fits in with it. John is sitting in a chair. That chair is on a table. The table is blue and round. John has red hair. The structure of the Internal Lexicon How do these pieces of semantic i nformation relate to each other?Semantic verification task An A is a B An apple is a fruit A robin is a bird A robin is an animal A dog has odontiasisA fish has gills A fish has feathers An apple has teeth NMSU is in New Mexico Harvard is in California Use time on verification tasks to map out the structure of the lexicon.Models of the Lexicon Collins and Quillian Hierarchical Network model Lexical entries stored in a hierarchy, with features attached to the lexical entries Representation permits cognitive economy Testing the model Sentence Verification time Robins eat worms 1310 msecs Robins have feathers 1380 msecs Robins have skin 1470 msecs A category size effect Subjects do an intersection search Problems with Collins and Quillian model .1) Effect may be due to frequency of association 2) Assumption that all lexical entries at the same level are equal The Typicality Effect Which is a more typical bird? Ostrich or Robin. A whale is a fish vs. A horse is a fish Major conclusions of the model 1) If a fact about a concept is frequently encountered, it will be stored with that concept even if it could be inferred from a more distant concept. 2) The more frequently encountered a fact about a concept is, the more strongly that fact will be associated with the concept. And the more strongly associated with a concept facts are, the more rapidly they are verified.3) Verifying facts that are not directly stored with a concept but that must be inferred takes a relatively long time. Spreading Activation Models (Collins & Loftus) Words represented in lexicon as a network of relationships Organization is a web of interconnected nodes in which connections can represent categorical relations degree of association typicality Retrieval of information Spreading activation Limited amount of activation to spread Verification times depend on closeness of two concepts in a network Context effect in spreading activation modelsPresent either Murder is a crime or malign is a crime Then get verification time for Robbery is a crime Subjects faster when they see Murder than Libel. Why? Advantages of Collins and Loftus model Recognizes diversity of information in a semantic network Captures complexity of our semantic representation Consistent with results from priming studies Lexical Access What factors are involved in retrieving information from the lexicon? Semantic Priming Meyer & Schvaneveldt (1971) Lexical Decision task Prime Target Time cling to Butter 940 msecs Bread Butter 855 msecs assure for associative spreading activation.Ratcliff and McKoon (1981) Subjects study and memorize The doctor hated the book Task Was this word from the sentence you memorized? Prime Target Time None admit 667 msecs Doctor Book 624 msecs Word Frequency Does word frequency play a role in lexical access? Lexical Decision Task gambastya, revery, voitle, chard, wefe, cratily, decoy, puldow, raflot, oriole, vuluble, booble, chalt, awry, signet, trave, crock, cryptic, ewe, himpola mulvow, governor, bless, tuglety, gare, relief, ruftily, history, pindle, develop, gardot, norve, busy, effort, garvola, match,sard, pleasant, coin, maisle.Lexical Decision is dependent on word frequency Eyemovement studies Subjects spend about 80 msecs long fixating on low-frequency words than high-frequency words Morphological Structure So we strip off the prefixes and suffixes of a word for lexical access? Decision = Decide + ion Lexical Decision Tasks Prime Target Time Nurse Butter 940 msecs Bread Butter 855 msecs Evidence for associative spreading activation Ratcliff and McKoon (1981) Subjects study and memorize The doctor hated the bookTask Was this word from the sentence you memorized? Prime Target Time None Book 667 msecs Doctor Book 624 msecs Word Frequency Does word frequency play a role in lexical access? Lexical Decision Task gambastya, revery, voitle, chard, wefe, cratily, decoy, puldow, raflot, oriole, vuluble, booble, chalt, awry, signet, trave, crock, cryptic, ewe, himpola mulvow, governor, bless, tuglety, gare, relief, ruftily, history, pindle, develop, gardot, norve, busy, effort, garvola, match,sard, pleasant, coin, maisle.Lexical Decision is dependent on word frequency Eyemovement studies Subjects spend about 80 msecs longer fixating on low-frequency words than high-frequency words Morphological Structure So we strip off the prefixes and suffixes of a word for lexical access? Decision = Decide + ion Lexical Decision Tasks Presented subjects with a sequence of words to study Examined the probability of recognizing words over 14 days Performance systematically decays over time negatively accelerated decay.Bahrick (1984) Students retention of spanish-english vocabulary items from 0 to 50 years Power law of decay Review on the internal lexicon Aspects of meaning Reference and Sense Denotation and Connotation What is the mental representation of meaning? Models of the Lexicon Hierarchical Network Model Spreading Activation Model What factors are involved in retrieving information from the lexicon? Semantic Priming Word Frequency Morphological Structure Lexical Ambiguity Retention of lexical items.