Informal Caregiving

financial aidgiving Policies and Programs Aleesha M. Mullen University of Louisiana at Monroe Proposed Reference List & Outline Topic C argon giving The study of lax Cargongiving Outline The Social Framework Who be the In clod Caregivers? How does Caregiving affect their tarrys? The Ideological Framework The Meaning of Informal Caregiving The Social policy Options for Caregivers The determine of Informal Caregiving Introduction This text provide be exploring the profile of dispensegivers in todays society.The profile of a handlegiver ranges from the working go to the wife with three children. There are no boundaries that arsehole fit into this profile. Along with this, the text will explain the ways in which informal bootgiving will change a persons life and how it affects them person tout ensembley. The different programs and policies that contribute the carry offgivers in our society will be discussed in dept. These will include tete-a-tete sectors and government sect ors that offer back up to portion outgivers. There are of all measure good reasons on why informal caregiving should be focused on as an crucial task.For ex angstrom unitle, these caregivers come from a diverse demographic background, and their cultures, financial situations, and other aspects play a big role in how they provide care. This is why prevail should always be offered and administered to make sure the best value and quality of care is given. Therefore, in conclusion this text will be completed by expressing the values of informal caregiving and the changes that could be produced to help improve this line of work. The Profile of In Informal CaregivingThe term caregiver refers to anyone who provides assistance to someone else, who is, to some degree, handicapped, and unable to care for themselves. This could include persons providing care for a husband or wife who has suffered a stroke, a spouse with Parkinsons disease, a father-in law with cancer, a grandparent with Alzheimers disease, a loved one who is suffering from a traumatic brain injury, a virtuoso with acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS, a child dealing with goodly dystrophy, an elder who is very frail. all of these can demonstrate as a caregiver.Many caregivers are unpaid individuals involved with assisting others who are u unable to perform trustworthy normal activities. The caregivers range in gender, and age. The caregivers in our society today are majority women. There are an estimated 66% of caregivers who are female. Out of this percent, one-third take aways care of two or oftentimes people, and the average age of a female caregiver is about forty-eight. (Selected Caregiver Statistics, n. d. para. 3). The interesting fact is at that place are ordinarily more women who are caregivers and when a caregiver is thought of they have in mind about an honest-to-goder female. agree to Gary Lee, Jeffery Dwyer, and Raymond Coward, Analyses show that adult children are mo re likely to provide care to a parent of the same gender, and infirm elders are more likely to earn care from a child of the same gender. Because the substantial majority of older parents requiring care from children are mothers, this tendency toward gender consistency in the caregiving relationship partially accounts for the fact that daughters are more likely than sons to be involved in parent care. (Lee, Dwyer, Coward,. 1993). The tasks that are detailed in caregiving include bathing, toileting, and dressing.Among the caregivers, majority of the women population have to handle these most difficult tasks. It can be difficult for caregivers to think about their selves as they have to spend time thinking about another person. Female caregivers are more likely to endure more extend than the male caregivers. Caregivers also have to provide a stressing number of hours to the needy, and this can play a large role on they deal with other issues of life. According to the graph present ed below provided by, Partnership for Solution, shows the average number of hours caregivers provide, can range from about fifteen hours to thirty-five hours.The ages range from fifteen years old to seventy-five years or older. Caregiving can affect and change a persons life in a vast way. The act of providing care to an older family portion is a highly personal activity. This is more than likely conducted in the privacy of a familys home. Informal caregivers go about rescheduling their lives and free-and-easy activities to make sure that their loved ones receive the best care they possibly can. There are some caregivers who will go as far as quitting their jobs, or picking up a part-time job to take full advantage of the care they provide.There are people at all points in their life that give and receive informal care. The most common type of relationship is the one between the child and the elderly parent. Along with this relationship, the young caregivers are the ones who are m ore likely to care for the other family members such as aunts, and uncles. Takamura and Williams(1998) states, Caregiving to other relatives declines through middle age as other familial responsibilities take hold, but increases in the late fifties and early sixties.Over the age of 60, women frequently report providing care to a sibling (Takamura & Williams, 1998. P. 7). During the middle age years thither are usually life altering events that occur. For example, some women may have to deal with the natural act of menopause, and some male caregivers may have midlife crises. nerve age years are the times when the children are growing up or grandchildren are world born, and the immediate family needs the most attention. Although these are all factors that may yield a caregiver to give quality care to a loved one, there are other situations that might occur.For example, there may be an ill child, or disabled child that a parent or loved one will have to provide care to. All ethnic g roups have a certain way and culturist style of providing care. Both black and White Americans share equal amounts of time providing care, although, black women are more likely to be caregivers than white women. Black women may be also more likely to provide care to a disable relative other than an immediate family member than are white women. (Takamura & Williams, 1998. P. 8).Caregiving affects many groups in many different ways and varies by marital status. Caregivers also tend to be a little healthier than the general population. This could be because they are more aware of the health of the people around them and they try to focus on their selves as much as they can. Being a caregiver makes a person more conscious about health. Even though, states early that many caregivers have less time to care for their selves, their consciousness of health is higher. Providing informal care to disabled or ill family or friend is an instantant normative experience.Most Americans will become a caregiver as point of their life and many will provide informal care at multiple times in their live. Policies and Programs to Support Informal Caregivers Many of all of the types of carers previously listed are in the group of informal caregivers. It is true that these caregivers are not paid, but some are able to receive some sort of assistance from government agencies in different areas of our country. For example, Sweden is a country that focused on the informal caregivers and the things they need to provide quality care for their loved ones (Wacker & Roberto, p. 28). Wacker and Roberto also state, Families provide direct and informal care to their elderly relatives, but the government also supports family caregivers through function that help carers directly and by providing compensation to carers(Wacker. & Roberto p. 228). For example, there is a program entitled, Family and Informal Caregiver Support Program in Maryland, and Hawii. It was a developed explicity for innovati ve and evidence-based community projects that help friend and family care for chronically ill or disabled and moderate income older adults. (Jeanett Weinberg Foundation, 2012).This is a broad example to see how different areas of the world and of our society to go the much needed support, even around the globe. In figure 1, it explains that Sweden focuses largly on the informal cargivers. Other countries are more focused on the government sectors of formal cargivng mainly due to the fact that a profit is involved. The Sweden government gives what is called, Carers allowance,to family who provide informal care to elderly recipient. These are what the Swedens government call, volunteer and nonprofit. As you can see in the figure as well the overnment of Sweden does provide help to the universal and local delivery of services for cargiving. It is always great to see the informal caregivers have a part in this government funding a well. Caregivers have to have some kind of support to be able to provide quality care. The question is, how do they receive this support and from where do they get it from? Service-based forms of support for carers help offer a large and import form of care. Service-based forms of support are typically emphasized on services that are available in all or most localities, or mainstream services.However, there are certain policies that are referenced based on innovatory or special needs because this is the form that is more widely needed. When looking at service-based forms of support for carers, it is always important to understand the definition of what is meant by a service for carers (Twigg, 1992, p. 60). Twigg says that carers reside in an ambiguous position within the field of social care, being neither patients nor clients. The help that come from carers does so from services aimed primarily at the person they look after.Therefore, the service provided is based on the personal need of the family member or person in need of care. D ue to the close relationship between the cared-for person and the carer, there care needed for the care-for person is germane(predicate) to the carer. This means that what counts as a service for carers need to be foreseen widely. There are two main forms of service for carers (Twigg, 1992). The first is specific carer services. These are services that are unequivocally provided to carers, for example respite care and support groups. The second form of service is carer allocations.Carers also receive help from some services that are aimed primarily at the person they look after. sometimes the allocation is open, for example when a day care place is provided for the cared-for person with the intention of relieving the carer. Sometimes it happens less overtly, as a by-product of assistance to the cared-for person (Twigg, 1992, pp. 60-61). Both forms of service will be included when looking at service-based forms of support for carers. The look of this informal caregiving diffidently shapes policy and how programs are conformed for caregivers and the cared-for person.The respite form of care is one that was developed due to the fact there was research completed. The conclusion for informal caregivers who have jobs, children and other daily activities to be completed, is respite care. This is the most important form of support and specifically for carers. This is a form that can be defined as an interval of relief (Tinker et al. , 1998). Of course this can come in a number of forms, although the most commonly available are day care and short-term breaks. Other types of home care relief services and sitting are available, although not in all areas (Tinker et al. 1998). In growth to specific carer services, home care service and community nursing services are aimed primarily at the person that is being looked after. These are both forms of in-home assistance, and they hold out a help with in housework, nursing task and personal care. Every service has to be eval uated annually or in intervals of time. Many evaluations of services are based on aces to services, the views of carers and the outcomes for the carer. The purpose of the evaluations of services is to draw some conclusions from the details about each service and examining the services as a whole.Historically carers have had problems in being able to access community services. Community social services have been focused primarily on unsupported elderly people who live at home alone. This was a finding that was borne out by a number of studies undertaken during the late nineties. Davies et al. described this as reducing the horizontal target ability of the service in that it reduced the proportion of people in high priority groups who received services (Davies et al. , 1990). Figure 1 Figure 2 References Davies, B. , Ferlie E. , Hughes, M. and Twigg, J. (1990). Resources, ineluctably and Outcomes in Community-Based Care.A comparative study of the production of welfare for elderly pe ople in ten local authorities in England and Wales. PSSRU, University of Kent at Canterbury, Avebury. Lee, G. R,. Dwyer, J. W. , Coward, R. T. , (1993). Gender Differences in Parent Care Demographic Factors and Same-Gender Preferences. Retieved from http//geronj. oxfordjournals. org/content/48/1/S9. short Partner for Solutions. (2004). Chronic Conditons Making the Case for Ongoing Care. John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. (2004). Retrieved from http//www. caregiver. org/caregiver/jsp/content_node. jsp? nodeid=401 Roberto, K. amp Wacker, R. (2011). Aging Social Policies An International Perspective. SAGE Publication, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, CA. Takamura, J. , Williams, B. , (1998). Informal Caregiving Compassion in Action. Retrieved from http//aspe. hhs. gov/daltcp/reports/carebro2. pdf Tinker, A. , Wright, F. , McCreadie, C. , Askham J. , Hancock, R. and Holmans, A. (1998). Alternative Models of Care for Elderly People. Age Concern Institute of Gerontology. Twigg, J. (1992). Carer s in the service system. In Twigg, J. (ed. ). Carers Research and Practice. London, HMSO. Loading Loading Loading Loading

Critically Examine the Trend and Size of Poverty in Hong Kong

No city in the world is as ironic and contradictory as Hong Kong. This city has not only the 6th highest per capita GDP, but also the highest Gini coefficient in the world (World Bank, 2011). Fortunately, the Hong Kong government isnt turning a blind eye towards this dilemma but argon instead actively looking for a trade-off in the midst of economic performance and neighborly welf atomic number 18. One notable example is the re-establishment of the Commission on Poverty, it is trustd that a clearly-defined distress line leave shed a novel light into the pauperism situation in Hong Kong.An some other important policy in recent eld is the implementation of minimum net income law, which has been in effect for dickens years aiming to guarantee a basic wage for low-income workers, however its effect on overall employment direct in Hong Kong is still to be determined. In this essay, I will first examine the overall trend and size of poverty in Hong Kong, then move on to asse ss the military posture of the present social auspices system, as well as the minimum wage in eradicating poverty in Hong Kong. Poverty, is an ambiguous term especially in Hong Kong.The United Nations places the benchmark for poverty as musical accompaniment infra a monthly income less than or equal to half(prenominal) of the median household income of equal size households. This is the definition that the Commission on Poverty is likely to adopt. But ahead the launch of decreed poverty line people are considered poor only if they apply for Comprehensive companionable bail service (CSSA), which eligibility is largely determined by titular income. As a result, the number of people applying for CSSA decreased after minimum wage law has been imposed.In this essay therefore, I will adopt the UN definition of poverty in examining its trend and size in Hong Kong. Poverty rate up to the year 2011 was the lowest since that of 2001. Before 2011, there had been an overall increasi ng trend in both the number of households living in poverty as well as the poverty rate. In this sense, 2011 can be seen as a basinful year the poverty rate plummeted to 17. 1% when compared to 17. 9% in the previous year, which meant a reduction of 55000 people suffering from poverty.Additionally, the total number of poor households had been rise from 2001 to 2007, but this trend started to decline from then on. The total number of poor households in 2011 was 444,000, when compared with that of the years 2007 and 2010 there had been a reduction of 11,000 and 7000 households respectively. In spite of the declining poverty trend and size, income disparity in Hong Kong has been worsening. In the year 2001, the median monthly income of high-income group was $31,000 while that of low-income group was $10,000, which meant that the former was 3. 1 times that of the latter.However, this disparity move to grow and in the year 2011, the median monthly income of the high-income group incre ased to $35,000, while that of the low-income group plunged to $9000, which meant that the high-income group had a monthly income 3. 5 times to a greater extent than that of the low-income group. In brief, it is undeniable that the declining trend and size of poverty has been promising, but that was largely due to the thriving economy instead of governmental efforts, at the alike time, the income scuttle has been widening despite the implementation of minimum wage law.These statistics all indicate that the current social policies are inadequate in eliminating the imminent threat of poverty. The social security system in Hong Kong is a three-tier system consisting of social supporter and social allowance in the form of Comprehensive Social Security help and Old Age Allowance, mandated occupational pension in the form of Mandatory foresightful Fund as well as private saving. In the remain part of the essay, the effectiveness of the above social security policies in lifting pover ty will be assessed one by one.The Comprehensive Social Security Assistance was renamed after the Public Assistance Scheme in 1993 has the sole purpose to provide a safety net for those who cannot support themselves financially. It is designed to bring their income up to a prescribed level to meet their basic needs. (Social Welfare Department, 2012) It is a non-contributory and means-tested scheme financed wholly by the government. CSSA payments can be broadly classified into three categories standard rate, supplements and special grants.Standard Rates from 2012 is divided into 5 types elderly person aged over 60 or above, ill health adult under 60, disabled child, able-bodied adult aged under 60 and able-bodied child. The amount of standard rate payable to each type differs, but they are under the same guiding principles the standard rates for children and seniors are higher than those of the adults, rates for undivided individuals living alone are greater than those of family me mbers, and rates will increase with levels of severity of disability. Tsoi, 2002) Additionally, there are five types of supplements. Long-term supplement is an annual payment to recipients who have been receiving assistance for at least 12 months for the surrogate of household and durable goods. Single parent supplement is a monthly payment to single parent families with special difficulties in bringing up their families. confederacy living supplement is a monthly payment to old, disabled and certified ill-health CSSA recipients living in the community instead of any institutions.Transport supplement aims to promote social integration and geographical mobility by providing monthly assistance to certified 100% disabled as well as population between 12 to 64 years of age. Last but not least, the intention of the residential care supplement is to relieve the accommodation burdens of old, disabled and certified ill-health CSSA applicants who are not living in subsidised housing estate s. Besides, a range of special grants are also plant up to meet applicants special needs including school fees, school-related put downs, crucial traveling expenses and so on.Famous English philosopher Midgley once commented that redistributing wealth in the form of social assistance has the most direct potential impact on the poverty problem. She identified three necessary conditions in order to fully realize this potential, first, social assistance moldiness be financial by progressive taxation, second, the level of benefit provided must be sufficient to raise recipients out of poverty and third, needy people must have easy access to social assistance schemes and that these schemes would not deter them from applying for help. Tsoi, 2002). With applies the above mentioned three principles to Hong Kong, it is worthy to highlight that Hong Kong only fulfilled the first condition out of the three. In the following paragraphs, the low effectiveness of the CSSA will be discussed wit h respect to its level of benefits, process of application as well as fillips for its recipients to reintegrate into the job market. The level of benefits by the standard rates of the CSSA cannot reflect the actual needs of its recipients, but are in fact set arbitrarily. At the oment, the standard rates of CSSA recipients are reviewed and adjusted annually by the Legislative Council to reflect the changes in Price Level by the Census and Statistics Department. The Consumption Price Index however, is a reference to the household expenditure of the 25% of the population with the lowest income. It is highly dubious as to whether the household expenditures of the poor households would be an authentic indicator and correspond to what they actually need to support their quotidian living. In addition, some CSSA recipients described the process of application as humiliating and intimidating.According to a joint project by the Department of Applied Social Sciences in Polytechnic Universit y and Oxfam Hong Kong on Perception and Utilization of the CSSA in 2007, it was found that some recipients felt that their applications were always delayed and mishandled. Some applicants even accused the social security officers as having bad manners and overleap empathy. These findings were found out after in-depth interviews and group discussion, although it is questionable as to the representativeness of the sample size, the critique to the humiliating application procedures must point to some bearing of truth that the CSSA recipients feel.Besides, some social workers in the field also complained that some officers tend to insult and threaten the applicants by do unreasonable requests. Going back to Midgleys third condition in order to eradicate poverty which concerns the access to social security must not deter the needy from applying the Social Services Department could clearly do a better job. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), there is always an unspoken concern tha t receiving CSSA would encourage a dependency culture, especially when the CSSA mechanisms do not encourage able-bodied recipients to attain economic independence.Contrary to common misconception that only able-bodied lazy people and new immigrants would apply for CSSA, most CSSA applicants, amounting to 60% (Oxfam, 2007) treat social security as the last resort to alleviate their dire financial circumstances. However, due to a lack of support services, only 8%-10% of able-bodied CSSA recipients are able to re-enter the competitive job market (Ming Pao Daily News, 2000) through the Special Job adherence Programme. In addition, the additional cost for attempting to re-enter the job market may ut an extra toll on the families receiving CSSA, let alone some single parents families with insufficient child-care facilities may choose to keep on receiving welfare instead of working. In short, CSSA do not provide sufficient incentive for its recipients to re-join the work force, which is t he only way to escape poverty. Another aspect of the social security system in Hong Kong is mandated occupational pension, which is in the form of Mandatory Provident Fund in Hong Kong. It is a compulsory, occupation-related scheme with defined monthly part by both employers and employees.The Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance was passed in 2000 with the hope of strengthening the safety net and loneliness protection. Contribution to the MPF is mandated to be 10% of the employees income with which 5% is contributed by his/her employer. Besides, the mandatory contribution is adjusted with relevance to employees income. later the implementation of minimum wage, the monthly relevant income is readjusted, for employees with monthly income less than $6500, only their employers are mandated to contribute 5% of relevant income, this becomes the minimum contribution.On the other hand, for employees with income higher than $25000, both employers and employees are required to contri bute $1250, this becomes the maximum contribution. All MPF contributions will be injected into registered MPF trustee in the market chosen by the employers, but now, employees will be able to choose new MPF scheme annually based on their performance. In the following paragraphs, the limitations of the MPF scheme will be discussed including its limited coverage as well as inadequate retirement protection which undoubtedly hamper its effectiveness.As aforementioned, MPF is an employment-related protection scheme, which means that only people with long-term employment slew will receive retirement protection. The MPF only have limited coverage and do not have universal protection as people excluded from the workforce including the sick, the disabled, housewives, hawkers, domestic employees and so on are unprotected, this amount to quite a sizable attribute in the population. Besides, the employers might try to evade from the mandated contributions by altering the terms of employment contract.Employers are legally bound to contribute to MPF for their employees if they are employed for more than 60 days, therefore, some employers may deliberately change the employment contract to 59 days or terminate the contract and re-employ the employees. In brief, the MPF scheme does not provided for universal protection in the sense that a significant portion of the population is left unprotected, let alone some canny employers attempt to alter the employment contract in order to avoid contributing to their employees retirement protection scheme.Furthermore, the predicament of the MPF Scheme is that despite its objective is to provide retirement protection and reinforce the safety net, the protection is in fact far from sufficient. MPF is a define-contribution scheme but it is not a defined-benefits scheme, which meant that employees contribution is contingent upon many factors including the duration of contribution, returns from investments by the trustees after deducing t he high administrative and transaction costs incurred, as well as the amount of contribution.This led to the inevitable unpredictability of benefits which is neither guaranteed by the trustees nor protected by the government. Besides, the scheme was introduced only in 2000, which meant that people nigh retirement age at that time would receive either little or no protection at all due to the short contribution period. At the moment, elderly poverty was one of the severest forms of poverty in Hong Kong. In short, contrary to its initial intention, the MPF does not guarantee retirement protection, instead only added more uncertainties and unpredictability to lives after retirement.The statutory minimum wage was passed in 2010 and fully implemented Labour Day of 2011. It aims at striking an appropriate balance between forestalling excessively low wages and minimising the loss of low- nonrecreational jobs while sustaining Hong Kongs economic growth and competitiveness (Labour Departmen t, 2011). The initial minimum wage rate was set at $28, but the commission set up by the government to review the minimum wage rate biannually has agreed to increase to $30 an hour. From a theoretical standpoint, setting up a wage floor would upset the balance of the comminute market by forcing some low acquisition workers to be laid off.Nevertheless, the government estimated that 273800 grassroot workers would benefit from the law and could sustain a basic level of living by avoiding from being underpaid. After about two years since the law has passed, however, it seems that reports about employers trying to cut the fringe benefits of employees were not uncommon and the actual effect and repercussion of minimum wage on the labour market is yet to be unravelled. In the following essay, I will examine the implementation of minimum wage law with regard to its effectiveness in eradicating poverty in Hong Kong.In order to assess the effectiveness of minimum wage, the first indicator i s changes in monthly income of the lower income groups when compared with higher income groups in the lower half year of 2011. If we divide the whole population equally into ten decile groups with the first decile group being the poorest 10% of the people and the tenth decile group being the wealthiest 10%, it was found that in the first three decile groups all commence increase in monthly income ranging from 6. 9% to 9. 3%, while the last three decile groups experience either no change or negative growth in their monthly income (HKCSS, 2011).However, looking at income alone would not be a comprehensive assessment of the effect of minimum wage law given that the economic began to boom around the time minimum wage was implemented. Therefore, a much more reliable assessment would be to compare the living standards of low income households before and after the minimum wage came into force. A study commissioned by Oxfam Hong Kong select a two-stage stratified surveys that interview i mpoverished households with at least one family member receiving minimum wage and compare their livelihood from March 2011 to January 2012.In the following paragraphs, findings from this study will be further analysed. In terms of monthly income, the minimum wage law has indeed increase the nominal household income. About 70% of interviewees, representing 131125 families reported an increase in household income after the introduction of minimum wage. Moreover, 72. 6% of them also reported a rise in individual workers income. In spite of an increase in monthly income and in fact, hourly income as well, working hours of workers decreased.The average hourly wage of respondents who stayed in the same job before and after implementation of minimum wage increased, 56. 8% of them even receive an hourly wage that exceeded $28. However, the same group of people who remain in the same job also experience an average cut of about 13. 9 working hours. This reduction of working hour is more often than not, at the expense of the workers benefit such as cancelling paid lunch hour or meal break and no overtime payment and so on. 46. % of respondents complained that the previously paid rest days were cancelled since the enforcement of minimum wage law. Taking into account of the loss of paid rest days as well as other fringe benefits, coupled with the reduction in working hours, over half of the respondents, 55. 8% of them experienced a drop in individual income despite the presumable increase in nominal monthly income. In the paragraph above concerning CSSA recipients, it was briefly mentioned that they treat social assistance as their last resort to assuage their financial situation.In fact, most of them felt perceivable prejudice against them. The introduction of minimum wage has a wide application, but it affects most significantly low-income jobs that CSSA recipients crave. About half of the respondents receiving CSSA in the Oxfam study affirm the effectiveness of wage f loor as an impetus to quit receiving social assistance. This in brief, could address the need of CSSA recipients to self-reliance and devolve the stigmatization or label that they feel attached to them by re-entering the job market.Nonetheless, increase in income to a certain extent does not mean or signify poverty alleviation. The most pivotal finding in the Oxfam study is that it reveals 40. 5% of households still live in deprivation despite the minimum wage law. This is because they define deprivation as the inabilities to commit at least three items that are dubbed essential by most Hong Kong residents including dental check-ups, leisure activities, afford to go to private clinics when sick and tea house and so on.According to Townsend (1979), a person is considered to be in poverty if he or she does not have large resources to enable him or her to participate in normal activities commonly engaged by ordinary members in the community and therefore cannot become fully co-ordi nated into the mainstream of society. Therefore, when 40. 5% of respondents, representing 531354 households are still deprived of a chance to engage in social activities simply due to the fact that they still could not afford the items they need highlighted just how ineffective minimum wage legislation has been in eradicating poverty.In conclusion, lifting people out of poverty is a difficult problem that could not be solved by any social policy alone, let alone the many flaws and limitations that are embedded in social policies. However, it is only through identifying the crack in social welfare policies could we make improvement on them and hopefully attain the final goal of eradicating poverty at the end. Reference list Hong Kong Council of Social Service, The Statistic review of the Low Income Household in Hong Kong, 2011. w. hkcss. org. hk/index_e. asp Labour Department (2011). statutory Minimum Wage Reference Guidelines for Employers and Employees. Legislative Council (2012) . Before and After the Statutory Minimum Wage Ordinance in Hong Kong Survey of Low-income workers and their Families. Oxfam Hong Kong and Centre for Social Policy Studies, Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (2007). Perception and Utilization of CSSA a Study on the Views of the Public and the Lower Income people.Social Welfare Department (2012), Comprehensive Social Assistance Scheme, retrieved from http//www. swd. gov. hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_socsecu/sub_comprehens/ Tsoi Kcon-wah , Poverty Eradication and Social Security in Hong kong, in Advances in Social welfare in Hong Kong, ed. ,) by D. T. L. Shek, 2002, Chapter 9. World Bank (2011), Gini Index, retrieved from http//data. worldbank. org/indicator/SI. POV. GINI

Alfred Hitchcock’s film Essay

By referring stuffyly to two scenes from Alfred Hitchcocks take away psychotic person (1960), give your consumes in compass locate on how the director uses the soundtrack and the photographic camera to create fear and suspense in the interview. Psycho is one of Alfred Hitchcocks most well known and famous takes. The film was made in forty-one days and at a cost of 80,000 dollars. It was tang in black and white to save currency but withal to create more impact. The film opens with a black background to create fear in the audience.We then hold in the directors name, Alfred Hitchcock and the title of the film in the centre of the screen in medium, white text against a black background. The title then splits repeatedly, horizontally and vertically to reveal the rest of the credits. The horizontal and vertical splits suggest and already prepargon us for the split personality of Norman Bates. Piercing, high-pitched notes of violins and the deep deafening notes of the cello are i ntroduced to break the silence. The tempo of the music is rapid and frantic to generate terror in the audience.The staccato rhythm of the string instruments as well adds to create tension and a perturb tinctureing. It also makes us feel alert and anxious. The credits and background fades with the music to unveil a panoramic view, which is at a high angle and an extreme close up shot of a city. The camera then pans across the skyline of the American city. Words are super imposed and displayed giving us the detailed place, date and time producing the feeling that the audience are there and that it is actually happening, Phoenix, Arizona, Friday December Eleventh, Two Forty Three pm. Numbers are displayed in allowter to emphasise the date and time and to make sure the audience knows when this is occurring. As the camera pans over apartment blocks and rooftops of buildings, the camera steadily zooms in from a huge shot to a medium shot to a close up on apartment block windows. Th en the camera zooms in into one point window, which is slightly open, making the audience curious. It gives the audience a question, where are we being led? We are made to be voyeurs as we are invited and entering the lives of a middle aged man and woman.In this scene, we cypher the relationship between Marion Crane and sur verbal expression-to-air missile Loomis. Alfred Hitchcock gives us the impression of normal behaviour in which Marion and Sam present love and affection towards each other. Marion wears white underwear to symbolise purity and innocent whereas later on in the film after she has stolen the money we see her wearing black underwear to symbolise deceit and betrayal. It is in this scene we enter Marion Cranes life and see everything from her eyes and her point of view. We observe her world and are put into her world.Hitchcock lets us see, unwrap and think what she sees, hears and thinks. Later in the film, we see Marion driving away from Phoenix with the stolen $40, 000. The camera views her face as a close up where we hear a voice over of her thoughts and fears. This technique al secondarys us to enter her mind and feel what she is feeling. As she railroad carries on with her journey, we hear the penetrating and piercing rhythm of the string instruments from the theme tune. This creates awareness and alertness in the audience. In this scene we see an extreme long shot of Marions car, which is parked at the roadside in the countryside.She has stopped for a rest. The car is positioned in the bottom right hand corner of the frame. There is no one or nothing to be seen. This makes her seem isolated and deserted and where anything could happen. There is nothing to be heard but the natural sounds of the countryside. We suddenly hear an unknown car coming into the frame from the bottom right hand corner. The unknown car appears to a police car. The car drives past Marions car however, reverses behind Marions car. The next shot is a medium shot, whic h is filmed from a low angle and is shown from the side of Marions car.As the police policeman opens his car door, we see the police badge printed on it. As the officeholder exits his car, he is walking towards the camera. This effect makes the audience feel that he is walking towards us. The low angle shot is used to convey his authority. This creates fear and makes the audience feel threatened. This scene is made up of many short, sharp cuts, mainly in oversized close ups. All natural sounds are heard to build up tension and suspense. As the police officer is at Marions car side, he knocks on her window. In this shot Marion is lying down.As she hears the knock, she wakes up immediately and abruptly with panic. As she looks at the officer, she appears to very nervous and overcome with anxiety. Her eyes are extremely wide and bold as she is filled with reverence. This scene cuts to Marion and then to the officer many times. The camera shows a subjective shot, from Marions point o f view so when he is looking at her it appears to the audience that he is looking at us. This makes us feel what she does. Dark sunglasses blank the police officers eyes kayoed so we cannot tell what he is looking at. This suggests that his eyes are emotionless.As the officer questions Marion, she portrays herself as being nervous by giving short, breathless answers. She acts suspicious when saying why do you want my licence. The camera then films a privilege shot, so we can see everything that the officer cannot, Marion hiding the stolen money. Again, the camera moves into a subjective shot, when we can see the view from her point as Marion crackes the officer look at her licence, to feel her fright and distress. This scene took seven days to film and only lasts forty-five seconds. It opens with Marion taking off her robe for a shower.She is located in a white roofing tile bathroom, which is brightly lit. All the natural sounds are emphasised toilet being flushed, soap packet bei ng open, movement of shower and shower curtain. This makes the audience watch attentively and be very observant. The first shot is a long shot. Marion having a shower, suggests that she is washing away all her wrong doings to make herself feel unburdened and that she is deciding to put things right. She portrays herself to the audience as being deeply relaxed as she is smiling. A subjective shot of the shower is shown to make us the audience feel as if we are being showered.Hitchcock gives tranquillity and calmness in the audience as he makes us enjoy her shower. As she is showering, she is located in the bottom right corner of the frame, to prepare us for the attack, so we can see what she cannot. The camera films Marion in a close up from the wall side, she was in the centre, however, cuts to another shot which is a privilege, close up to leave the left side of the frame empty with the shower curtain behind. The curtain is translucent, this gives a striking effect and lets the au dience see the figure approaching.Suddenly, in the left hand corner of the frame, a large, silhouette figure appears to make the audience feel nervous and tense. It gives us a feeling of wanting to warn Marion of what is behind her. The powerful noise of the shower prevents Marion hearing the figure approaching. The shot remains constant, and then tardily zooms into the mysterious, menacing figure. Marion disappears out of the frame making the audience focus and concentrate on the dark, disturbing figure. Hitchcock makes us believe that the figure is the mother of Norman Bates because the square up of the hair is shown in silhouette.This shot is designed in such a way that the camera shows the figure in shadow because the audience should not be able to see the figures face. When the shower curtain is thrown aside, we still see the figure in shadow. A montage of shots is used when we see Marion being attacked. Horror fills the audience as screeching, violent sounds of the violins are introduced. We hear Marions terrifying, fearful screams, the sound of Marion being stabbed, the knife against the skin and bone to let the audience know what it feels like. A subjective shot of the knife is shown to produce the feeling that the figure is almost stabbing at us.Rapid shots are shown of the killing, xxviii shots in twenty seconds. Several shots are used of Marion moving from side to side and struggling to defend herself to show that she cannot stop the killer. The camera swoops in with a high angled shot of Marions blood draining away in the bath. A big close up of Marions hand is shown as she slides down the wall. As this is taking place, the deep, heavy sounds of the cello is heard. We see Marion turn around and slide down further, as she does this she reaches out her hand.This suggests she is maybe reaching out to us or to the shower curtain. In the final shot, we see the camera panning to show the blood of Marion draining down the plughole to suggest that her life is draining away. The camera zooms into the plughole where an extreme close up of it is shown and is mixed with Marions eye. The eye then becomes a staring, lifeless, emotionless eye. This suggests that we see, hear and think no more from her eye. For its time Psycho was one of the most frightening, psychological thrillers ever made and even by todays standards still has the power to terrify.

Nursing Education Essay

This paper will analysis the protestences in competencies between familiar Degree in treat (ADN), and Bachelor in Science of care for (BSN) organised nurses. Then identify a patient care situation describing how breast feeding care or approaches to decision making may differ based upon the procreational preparation of the nurse. The Free online Dictionary (2013) depicts faculty as The quality of being competent or capable of performing an allotted persona. Here is a comparison of two different pathways to becoming a Registered Nurse Associate Degree in nursing (ADN), and Bachelor in Science of Nursing (BSN) computer computer political programmes. Born out of the care for shortage in 1952, the Associate Degree nurse came in to fruition thanks to Mildred Montag. The Associate Degree program for Registered Nurses is two-three years length. This program does hold academic credit based on clinical and general studies preparing these students to be able to function as techni cal bedside nurses. At the closure of the ADN program students are eligible to take the NCLEX-RN (Creasia & Reid, 2011).The Bachelors of Science program is four years in length and actually regarded by the American Nurse association as the original entry level requirement to becoming a Registered Nurse (Smith, 2009). This program originated in 1909. The BSN program is based on march based consecrate, Community nursing, and prepares these nurses for leadership roles whereas the ADN programs do not function to prepare nurses in leadership roles (Creasia & Reid, 2011). This is due to the program providing educational activity, described by Creasia & Reid, 2011, also on Information management, health care policy and finance, communication/collaboration, clinical Prevention/population health and sea captain values. (p. 25). At the end of the program these Nurses are eligible to take the NCLEX-RN.With differences in the level of education among RNs this brings up the controversial t opic of Do the difference in educational levels of BSN brisk nurse and ADN nurse amaze the to a greater extent educated BSN more prepared for the challenges of nursing today? There is much more number needed on this topic. Online Journals such as Policy Politics Nursing Practice Ellenbecker, 2011 state, Todays environment of expanding knowledge, the call for interdisciplinary healthcare delivery teams, and evidence of the relationship between nurse education and improved patient outcomes strongly indicate the need for nurses prepared at the baccalaureate level. (115-125). Studies such as Aiken (2003) depict negative outcomes such as failure to rescue and mortality were nineteen percent dismantle in hospitals post-surgical patients where sixty percent of the nurses had baccalaureate degrees. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing 2003 fork out an entire incident sheet depicting how BSN nurses may be more prepared than diploma or ADN to meet the demands of nursing tod ay.They state this is due to the broader span of course work provided in the BSN program. The BSN nurse consumes what the diploma and ADN nurse learn but receive a more in depth experience thus allowing them enhanced professional development, a greater understating of cultural, political, economic and social issues affecting patients and influencing health care delivery. (AACN 2003). Nurses holding a BSN education could indeed be more able to provide the approach of looking at the patient as a whole, as well as enhanced critical thinking skills. (AACN 2003). One clinical employment that depicts the difference in patient care situation describing how nursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree.The issue of may provide different approaches to decision making is appropriate. There are studies that support that BSN prepared nurses are transgress prepared and studies that suggest that t here is no significant difference in care delivered by BSN compared to the care delivered ADN and diploma nurses. When faced with the evidence that BSN prepared nurses are taught a higher level of education and to utilize evidence based figure (AACN 2003) (Creasia & Reid, 2011). The BSN prepared nurse may be better prepared to think more critically and research why they do a depute and not just do the t bring blindly. For instance evidence-based practice provides hospitals with ways to decrease CAUTI from occurring (AJIC 2011). This is Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). According to AJIC 2011, CAUTI are common, morbid, and costly. around 25% of hospitalized patients are catheterized yearly, and 10% develop urinary tract infections.Evidence based guidelines exist for essential urinary catheter management but are not consistently followed. (pp. 1-6). Being educated enough to look up what the evidence based practice guidelines on catheters are can significantly increase compulsory patient outcomes. Furthermore, AJIC 2011 states also that when nurses where re-educated on a basic skill and infusing best evidence into menses practice were important to raise awareness of simple interventions that positively impacted patient outcomes and infusing best evidence into current practice were important to raise awareness of simple interventions that positively impacted patient outcomes. (pp. 1-6).Nurses who are more educated on reasons behind evidence based practice understand the importance of implementing it into current nursing practice. So it could be said that a BSN prepared nurse is more likely to utilize the practice guidelines that are evidence based. This provides an example how a BSN nurse could be more likely to make a different judgment call than a diploma or and nurse and take initiative to ask the MD for an order to support an evidence-based decision. To summarize there three pathways to becoming a Registered Nurse Diploma, ADN, and B SN programs. from each one has unique qualities. The program that offers a more in-depth education is the BSN program. All programs lead to the same end bespeak of allowing the student to the NCLEX-RN. There are varying viewpoints on whether or not a BSN versus ADN nurse is better educationally prepared for the nursing workforce today.ReferencesAmerican Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2013). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved on January 18, 2013 from http//www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Aiken, L. H. (2003). Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290 , 16171623. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077115/ Creasia, J. L., & Reid, PHD, RN, K. B. (2011). conceptual foundations the bridge to professional nursing practice. (5th ed.). Ch. 2, pp.1-39. St. Louis, Missouri Elsevier Mosby. Retrieved on January 19, 2 013 from http//pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-0-323-06869-7 Ellenbecker PhD, RN, C. (2010, 08 30). Policy politics and nursing practice preparing the Nursing Workforce of the Future. vol. 11 no. 2 115-125. Retrieved from on January 19, 2013 http//ppn.sagepub.com/content/11/2/115.abstract Farlex, Inc. (2013). The free dictionary. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.thefreedictionary.com/competenciesOman, K. S., & Flynn Makic, M. B. (2011). Nurse-directed interventions to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections. American Journal of Infection Control, 1-6. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/medicine/hcpr/cauti/documents/TeamPublications/Nurse-Directed Interventions to Reduce Catheter-Associated urinary Tract Infections.pdf

Automated Voting System

This chapter address about the The Student Council elections have always been a perennial activity for every school. It is an activity wherein individually student is required to choose from a set of candidates who will represent each position in the Student Council. In fix for the student to accomplish this, the student must go through some(prenominal) processes. First the student must go to the Administration Office if he is a registered voter, then goes to the vote atomic number 18a and chooses the candidates he likes. by and by that, the student submits the filled-up ballot form to the right to vote administrator in order for his votes to be cast. Then the student is marked with an indelible ink to signify that he has already voted. After all the votes have been cast, the voting procedure goes again through several processes. The votes ar collected and are then counted, which could take several hours to several days, depending on the volume of votes. Background of the Stu dy The chapter discuss computers greatly enhance the speed and efficiency of voting process.Results could be attained even right after the elections reduce the time to a mere fraction compared to the time it takes if the voting is done manually. It also increases the level of the voting experience because of multimedia enhancements. The present generation, people became more literate especially with the use of computers. Technologies emerged to introduce some different ways of advancement. Computer machines are of these. Computers now in existence are the most fibrous machines than can do anything peoples lives.It is in this effect that the proponent has decided to propose a form to improve the existing manual voting system. The proponent aims to convert the existing manual system into an automated voting system. Information Technology Elections are held in every school year for the BSIT students of Arellano University-Pasig. Where the positions are President, Vice- Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, P. I. O, and First year to Fourth year Representative. Using computers would make the election faster. With the new system, votes are tallied and transmitted electronically.

Utopia Story

Utopia doubting Thomas Meres utopia which was the predecessor for the concept continues to be appropriated into a range of cultures and contexts. Increasingly however, these are Utopias are dyspepsia. A utopia is delineate as an imagined stake or state of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in the track record Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More. The opposite of utopia is a dyspepsia, an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typic tout ensembley a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one.The themes present in the texts Utopia, Cataract, Fahrenheit 451 and the uninteresting whether they are a Utopia or a Dyspepsia intertwine and give us a whiz that the slightest push in any direction for our community could result in a catastrophic dyspepsia. In Ray Bursarys The Pedestrian, the idea of engineering taking over and the decline of human feelings and interactions are strongly represented. In The Pedestrian Bradbury has used a f uturistic setting of society to critique It. He presents the undesired characteristics imposition within our society and enhances and pronounces hem in The Pedestrian.He conveys the dementia and lack of feelings that is beginning to show in our society and presents them in his text a possible future for kindliness if we were to go down that path. The way Bradbury represents engine room in his short story is as if it is evil and tearing humanity apart. So devoid of emotion is the environment and surroundings of the main character that it creates a giant contrast to the main character to who Is, to the earreach symbolizes as us, an average person All of the techniques such as metaphors and similes are used to enhance the alienation of the main character representing us from the environment and everything else.In the text Cataract, the main themes are, like the pedestrian, the taking over of technology and loss of humanity. In Cataract, It Is In the future and every child Is made and selected through a faraway more advanced form of IF where the best genes are extracted from the parents and then Implanted back In the mother. The copper and eye color and sex are chosen, any possibility for diseased genes is removed and as he characters are told the children are still you, simply the best of you.The story centers on Vincent, a child who was conceived course and suffered immensely because of the new way to discriminate, through inferior genes. The way the world In Cataract Is presented to the audience, with employees checking Into work by having their fingers pricked to test their blood and how strictly business like and devoid of emotion it is works to present a possible dyspepsia for our society through Cataract. Science and technology is key, there is no time nor place for emotion, this is was Cataract represents.Fahrenheit 451 Is another dyspepsia text that presents the themes of lacking emotion and the taking over of technology, In this text, everything we know In our society has been twisted and stretched to the entire to resemble something we barely recognize. Firemen are now employed to burn all books, starting fires instead of putting them out. The characters in this text are shadows, seemingly without a purpose or many emotions.The concept of talking to each other and enjoying the environment is alien to them, their only form of role a four wall TV that surrounds like a room, further cutting them off from emotion, humanity and enclosing them in technology as such. These Dyspepsia are all conceived from the original Utopia written by Sir Thomas More, and are used like More did, to critique the society the authors live or lived in. The extreme elements in each of these Utopias could be possible and that is what the authors wanted to present, almost like a warning to us. Emily Newman

Haze: Pollution and Sophisticated Forest Clearing

The haze is a constant phenomenon faced by Malaysia and her neighbouring countries. The haze is basically befoulment of atmosphere, which is clogged with pollutants and other substances from forest fires. The haze is a direct effect of forest fire in Kalimantan and other parts oaf In dosia due to slash and burn method of farming. The Indonesian government depend to fool no power to control farmers from practising such methods. The haze is further worsened by distribute burning practised by most Malaysians.Open-field burning of rice straw by the rice planters and unbuttoned burning of dried leaves and garbage done by the public are a few examples that done by Malaysian. Many are ignorant of the health effects of open burning. During the haze, hospitals and clinic often report a dramatic increase in respiratory problems, lung infections and asthma attack. The Air Pollution Index (API) usually indicates the wild and dangerous levels of pollution during this period. The haze has l ong-term side effects. Prolonged inhalation of polluted air will result in serious lung infection which particularly affects the elderly.The government must play its role to clip the haze treat. It has to cooperate with the Indonesian authorities to stamp out forest fires. The culprits must be brought to justice, each through healthy fine or prison sentence. Constant vigilance would ensure the perpetrators do non repeat their offence. The government should also raise the public awareness of the dangers of forest fire. Continuous campaign of the cause, solutions and steps-need-to-be-taken to stretch the haze need to be promoted through all types of social media like television, radio, newspaper and even via internet.The authorities should also provide assistance to farmers and introduce more sophisticated forest clearing methods. In Malaysia, unmitigated laws must be imposed to penalise those who practise open burning. On-going campaigns on the dangers of open burning should be i ntensified. Individuals too have a role to play. They must participate in every campaign and power point burning. Students can advise their parents non to practice open burning. Every individual has to remember that we do not own the world, but instead we lent it from our future generations. We must protect our world so that our grandchildren woulh have a healthy earth to live.