Culture Day Topic Essay Example for Free

Culture Day Topic EssayHistory of Judo was created by Jigoro Kano. He was a highly educated man he was considered the founder of the modern Japanese education system. He wanted to preserve and combine the ancient martial traditions of Japan. One of the most important innovations was the emphasis of randori, or non-cooperative free sparring practice. The majority was based on pre-arranged sequences of attack and defense known as kata. For several years Kodokan Judo reigned supreme. Kudo was challenged by a man named Mataemon Tanabae. Maeda Mitsuyo Maeda became ace of the greatest fighters in the history of Judo.Maeda retired without ever losing a fight. The Gracies, Maeda settled in Brazil and created an academy of Jiu Jitsu. One of his students was Carlos Gracie. After studying for several years he opened his own academy. He and Maeda created the Gracie Challenge, all challengers were welcome to compete in the challenge. The Gracie fighters were victorious against all kinds of fighters from different backgrounds. Several members of the Gracie family began to go to the US in the late 1980s. The Gracies and their particular brand of rubbish has had a major impact on martial arts today.Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Brazilian Jiu Jitsu was very similar in many ways with to Judo and other systems of Japanese Jiu Jitsu. Judo was originally designed as a powerful system of self-defense. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is divided into three categories self-defense, free fighting competition, and sport grappling. The fighting strategy of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is to make a physically smaller or weaker person be able to defend from a big or stronger attacker. When applying BJJ (Brazilian Jiu Jitsu) techniques leverage is key. As leverage is the secret to the most use of force.

Sources of Criminal Law Essay Example for Free

Sources of Criminal Law EssayA statute is a codified approach pattern or written form of police force. A statute identifies a extra encounter of law or condition of a particular fix or government. Each State has its own constitution the solid grounds constitution and its laws are considered statutes. Gener on the wholey, statutes are named through numbers or codes.Example In Illinois, the definition of a flavorous felony is found under 720 ILCS 5/2-8. 720 is the criminal code, ILCS stands for Illinois Compiled Statutes, 5/2-8 specifies the location of the rule. The term, Throw the book at you refers to the book of statutes or book of laws of the state. Throwing the book at you marrow they are charging you with as many things in the statute book as they idler.Statutes define everything we do in government, they are the laws passed by our representatives in congress or the state senate. These laws deal with everything from crimes, to taxes, to how to get a speed bump put in on a county road. Statutes are rules of law enacted by government and can be challenged as violating whiz or more of your constitutionally protected rights.VS.Common law comes from the old English system of law we copied here in the US. Common law is the practice of enforcing rules we have followed in the past.Common law is defined by possibilitys through the idea of precedent. Precedent is simply applying the same rule that did before. Citing precedent is like saying you did this before, so do it again.Example Common law is the same idea as most parents employ with their kids. If you punished one child for biting a classmate by sending them to their room, you will also give your next child the same punishment if they bite a classmate. This is because historically, the punishment for biting was being sent to ones room. Thus, that punishment becomes the common law or common rule.The concept of Stare Decisis attention deficit hyperactivity disorders a nonher element to common l aw. respectable like at your home with your kids, the courts can change the rules on us. However, the only court that can change the rule is the highest court to have addressed the issue. Basically, add chain of command to precedent.Example If the controlling Court of the US (highest Court in the entire US) makes a rule such as the rule requiring all arrested person to be given Miranda rights, NO other court can change that rule except the US compulsive Court. Therefore every state has to follow that ruleStare Decisis goes further though If the US Supreme court decides NOT to address that issue and the highest court to hear the case was the Illinois Supreme Court, ONLY the Illinois courts have to follow the rule. This system goes all the way down to the courts in your area. If no courts have ever issued an opinion regarding the issue in the case at the district (trial court) level then they can apply any rule they see fit.How does this work?Statutes say what the rules of law are, Common law or case law defines how they are applied.Example The constitution is a statute and this 2nd amendment says A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.The statute can be read many different ways Scholars consider whether the right to bear arms is a right you have all the time as a citizen or only in connection with militia serviceCommon law or Case Law defines what the statutes mean. As recently as 2008, the Supreme Court was defining what the words of this statute (2nd Amend.) mean, the Supreme Court held, The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally rule-governed purposes District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).Our laws come from both Common Law and are made up by statute Many of our laws come from common law and are then codified (formally written) into statutes. For example, most rules of evidence in a court room are defined by common law still have been codified into formal statutes like the Federal Rules of Evidence. The concept of hearsay came from the common law of England.Requirements for a criminal ActStatutes define everything about a law. They lay out the Elements of a Crime.Elements of a crime are the specific conditions that need to be satisfied to be found guilty of a particular crime. Elements may include a persons state of mind or mens rea. For example to commit the crime of 1 degree murder (every state defines things and terms things slightly differently) most states require that the State prove the accused intended to commit the crime. To do this, some amount of evidence must collection that the persons action were not accidental but intentional. Therefore the persons intent is said to be an element of the crime.Other elements of the crime of murder include a unawares body.Motivation or motive is NOT an element o f a crime because motive is not a condition that must be met to commit the act. You get dressedt have to have a reason to kill someoneDue ProcessThe idea of Due Process comes from the 5th and 14th amendments of the US Constitution. The 14th Amendment applies the right to Due Process to every state and any law enacted by the states.Due Process is simple. It means that the government cannot take anything from you not your house not your liberty not your life not a single cent without affording you the right to process of law.Process of law can be very broad it can mean a criminal trial, an administrative hearing or anything in between. This is why you can contest every rag you ever get including speeding, jaywalking, or even code violations.This right says no citizen can have anything taken from them by the government without the right to their day in court.ReferencesDistrict of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).

Lesson Plan Reading Essay Example for Free

Lesson Plan Reading EssayReading skill can good be dampened in school pupils through simple, interesting, systematic and analytical instructional phonic practice.In order to prepare school children for reading, there is lease to engage them in some activities that depart stimulate their phonic awareness. According to Marilyn Jager Adams (2004), some of the activities are described belowObjective To extend the awareness of sign phonemes in school children by asking them to compare, contrast and eventually identify the initial sounds of a variety of ledgers. Materials required Picture cards.Activity A few picture should be spread in a circle and the children be told to find those pictures whose public figure starts with the initial sound on which they have just been working. each(prenominal) child is to say the fix and initial phoneme of each picture that is found. If the initial sound match, the child selects another pair, otherwise, another child takes a turn.Objective T o abet children to separate the sound of words from their meaning.Activity The children should be shown how a totally different word may result if the initial phoneme of a word is removed. This will enable the children to separate the sounds of words from their meaning. The children should be called to line up by saying their first lift without the initial sound. The children have to figure out whose name has been called and what sound was missing.Objective To tuck the children to the challenges of analyzing words into phonemes.Materials required Blocks and two-phoneme word cards.Activity A child should be told to pick up a card and name what it depicts. The teacher is expected to repeat the word slowly and with a clear pause between its two phonemes. All the students should then be told to repeat the word in the same manner. The teacher is expected to place blocks in two different colors underneath the picture as she enunciates the sound represented by each. This will show that the word bow consist of two separate sounds. The children should repeat the sounds while pointing to the respective blocks, pausing slightly between phonemes with each repetition.Objective To introduce the children to the challenges of synthesizing words from phonemes.Materials required Blocks and two-phoneme word card.Activity The teacher should choose a picture and place it face down so that the childrencannot see it. Then name the picture phoneme by phoneme, while placing the blocks beneath the picture. While the children points to their own blocks, they are expected to repeat the phoneme over and over again. This activity can later be used to teach the alphabetic principles by replacing the colored blocks with letter tokens. If this is to be done, however, it should be noted that, to convey the essential logic of the alphabetic principle, it is ruff that all words include one letter for each sound, left to right. With this in mind, words with silent letters should be avoided.Th e above activities, when practised, will develop reading skills in school children.ReferenceMarilyn, J.A., Barbara, F., Ingvan, L. and Terri, B. (2004). Phonemic Activities for the Preschool or Elementary Classroom.

Branches of Social Sciece Essay Example for Free

Branches of Social Sciece EssayIt is a branch of information that studies the customs of gentlemans gentleman being company and the way in which that society scarpers. Of particular fill is the case of the relationships amongst the people hat process up that society as well as the behavior of these individuals within that society.Social Science involves every discipline or branch of science that explores the accessible and cultural looks of human behavior.The disciplines of brotherly sciences draw from a variety of airfields of ponder and although these different atomic number 18as of social sciences vary far and wide, they all aim to understand and explain human society and behavior. This study of how groups of people be render is usually done with the aim of be able to predict how they will behave in the future.The Social Science disciplines are branches of knowlight-emitting diodege which are taught and exploreed at the college or university level. Social Sci ence disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned Social Science societies and academic parts or faculties to which their practitioners belong. Social Science fields of study usually have several sub-disciplines or branches, and the distinguishing lines between these are frequently both arbitrary and ambiguous.This branch of social science covers the study of the origin of human beings. Of particular enkindle is the study of the nature of the social relationships between people and how they have developed. Anthropology aims to give a whole and complete explanation of human nature. Anthropology is the holistic science of man, a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Human Biology. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been institutionally divided into three broad domains. The natural scie nces seek to derive general fairnesss with reproducible and verifiable experiments. The humanities slackly study local traditions, finished their muniment, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras.The social sciences have generally attempted to develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, though usually with methods distinct from those of the natural sciences. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of domain and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they al ways keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic and cultural aspects of any problem. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called primitive in a nthropological literature, but without any con nonation of inferior.Today, anthropologists apply bournes such as less complex societies or refer to limited modes of subsistence or production, such as pastoralist or forager or horticulturalist to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of enceinte interest within anthropology. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct thoughtfulness of contemporary customs.In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be obs erved by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.In this branch of social science, the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services are covered. The main focus of frugals lies in understanding and explaining how economies work and how factors contributing to economies act with each other. Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. The word economics is from the Greek oikos, family, household, estate, and nomos, custom, law, and hence means household attention or management of the state. An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a university dot in the subject. The phratryic brief definition of economics, set out by Lionel Robbins in 1932, is the science which studies human behavior as a relation bet ween scarce means having alternative uses.Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no economic problem. Briefer yet is the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants and the study of the financial aspects of human behavior. Economics has twain broad branches microeconomics, where the unit of synopsis is the individual agent, such as a household or firm, and macroeconomics, where the unit of analysis is an prudence as a whole. Another division of the subject distinguishes positive economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from normative economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion such orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments. Since the early part of the 20th century, economics has focused largely on measurable quantities, employing both theoretical models and empirical analysis.Quantitative models, however, can be traced as far back as the physiocratic coach. Economic reasoning has been increasingly applied in recent decades to other social situations such as politics, law, psychology, history, religion, marriage and family life, and other social interactions. This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are scarce because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that economic value is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms length) transactions. Rival heterodox schools of thought, such as institutional economics, green economics, Marxist economics, and economic sociology, make other grounding assumptions. For example, Marxist economics assumes that economics primarily deals with the exchange of value, and that labor (human effort) is the source of all value. The expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been expound as economic imperialism.This branch of social science studies the institution of teaching in human society. Covered in this field of study are the processes by which knowledge is passed on and how specific skills are taught and learned. This process of facts of life is examined throughout an individuals lifetime, that is from childbirth and on to old age.Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and in any case something less tangible but more profound the imparting of knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from genesis to generation (see socialization). To educate means to draw out, from the Latin educare, or to facilitate the realization of an individuals potential and talents. It is an coating of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents p laying music or reading to the baby in the womb in the look forward to it will influence the childs development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twains admonition to never let school interfere with your education). Family members may have a profound educational effect often more profound than they realize though family teaching may go bad very informally.This branch of social science can be subdivided into two main sub-disciplines namely human geography and physical geography. Human geography is principally concerned with the built environment and the influence humans have on the spaces they occupy. Physical geography on the other hand looks into the natural environment. Of particular interest in this field is the study of how climate, vegetation life, soil, water and landforms are produced and how they interact.Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields human ge ography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation life, soil, water and landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans. Geographers attempt to understand the earth in terms of physical and spatial relationships.The first geographers focused on the science of mapmaking and finding ways to precisely project the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. Historical geography is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline, closely related to GISc, that seeks to understand humanity and its natural environment. The fields of Urban Planning, regional Science, and Planetology are closely related to geography.Practitioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as GIS, remote sensing, aerial photography, statistics, and global positioning systems (GPS). The field of geography is generally split into two distinct branches physical and human. Physical geography examines phenomena related to climate, oceans, soils, and the measurement of earth. Human geography focuses on fields as assorted as Cultural geography, transportation, health, military operations, and cities. Other branches of geography include Social geography, regional geography, geomatics, and environmental geography.This branch of social science covers the study of the human past. It is a field of study that uses past accounts to examine and analyze sequences of events. It also som etimes attempts to investigate in an objective manner, the patterns of cause and effect that have led to particular events taking place.History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research into past human events as interpreted through historiographical paradigms or theories, such as the turner Thesis about the American frontier. History has a base in both the social sciences and the humanities. In the United States the National Endowment for the Humanities includes history in its definition of a Humanities (as it does for applied Linguistics). However, the National Research Council classifies History as a Social science. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The Social Science History Association, formed in 1976, brings together scholars from numerous disciplines raise in social history.This branch of social science studies the institution of the rule o f law in human society and it sometimes crosses over into the humanities depending on the aspect from which it is studied. Of particular interest are its origin and the way in which a supreme power in a state arguments what is right and prohibits what is considered wrong.Law in common parlance, means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. However, many laws are based on norms accepted by a community and thus have an ethical foundation. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on ones view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, peculiarly in the international relations context. It has been defined as a system of rules,as an interpretive concept achieve justice, as an authorityto mediate peoples interests, and even as the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction.However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the working manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of historys stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed and the procedural legal comes from the Latin word lex.In this field of study, the theory and practice of politics is examined. Also covered is the description and analysis of political systems including political behavior. policy-making science is the branch of social science that deals with the study of politics and analysis of its system as well as political behavior.Pol itical science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. Fields and subfields of political science include political economy, political theory and philosophy, civics and comparative politics, theory of direct democracy, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, international relations, contradictory policy, international law, politics, public administration, administrative behavior, public law, judicial behavior, and public policy.Political science also studies power in international relations and the theory of Great powers and Superpowers. Political science is methodologically diverse, although recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the use of the scientific method . That is the proliferation of formal-deductive model building and quantitative hypothesis testing. Ap proaches to the discipline include lucid choice, classical political philosophy, interpretivism, structuralism, and behavioralism, realism, pluralism, and institutionalism. This branch of social science involves the study of behavior and mental processes. Of particular interest is the application of this knowledge to the handling of mental illness.psychological science is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The word psychology comes from the ancient Greek , psyche (soul, mind) and logy, study). Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental function and overt behavior of individuals, while the other disciplines focus on creating descriptive generalizations about the functioning of social groups or situation-specific human behavior. In practice, however, there is rather a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields.Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. many people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology has myriad specialties including Social Psychology, developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Mathematical psychology, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behavior to name only a few. Psych ology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clearly terrific as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences.For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely. In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred B.Psy. indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, B.Sc. indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a B.A. underlines a majority of social science credits.This is not always necessarily the ca se however, and in many UK institutions students studying the B.Psy, B.Sc, and B.A. follow the same curriculum as outlined by The British Psychological parliamentary procedure and have the same options of specialism open to them regardless of whether they choose a balance, a heavy science behind, or heavy social science basis to their degree. If they applied to read the B.A. for example, but specialised in heavily science based modules, then they will still generally be awarded the B.A.Covered in this branch of social science is the study of human society and social action.Sociology is the systematic study of society and human social action. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix -ology which means study of, derived from Greek, and the stem soci- which is from the Latin word socius, meaning companion, or society in general. Sociology was originally established by Auguste Comte (17981857) in 1838. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the desc riptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in The cut in Positive Philosophy 18301842 and A General View of Positivism (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the Father of Sociology, the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, mile Durkheim (18581917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal LAnne Sociologique.Durkheims seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. Karl Marx rejected Comtean positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becomin g recognised as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the arising of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognised as an dental amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association with pragmatism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the scratch school developed symbolic interactionism.Meanwhile in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical th eory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School government of cultural studies. Sociology evolved as an academic response to the challenges of modernity, such as industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and a perceived process of enveloping rationalization. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. The field generally concerns the social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, communities and institutions, and includes the scrutiny of the organization and development of human social life.The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. In the terms of sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, social scientists seek an understanding o f the Social Construction of Reality. Most sociologists work in one or more subfields. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure demography studies changes in a population size or type criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance and political sociology studies the interaction between society and state.Deals with processes of human chat, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television system broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, and social dimensions of their contexts. Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including communication, communication studies, speech comm unication, rhetorical studies, communications science, media studies, communication arts, mass communication, media ecology, and communication and media science.Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science.Additional Social Science disciplines and fields of study include Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material clay and environmental data, including architecture, artifa cts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. Behavioral science is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. Demography is the statistical study of all populations.Development studies a multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to growing countries. Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. Environmental studies integrate social, humanistic, and natural science perspectives on the relation between humans and the natural environment. Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. International studies covers both International relations (the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system) and International education (the comprehensive approach that intentionally prepares people to be active and engaged participants in an co-ordinated world).Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. Legal management is a social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and Legal elements. Library science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries the collection, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources and the political economy of information.Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. selling the identificat ion of human needs and wants, defines and measures their magnitude for demand and understanding the process of consumer buying behavior to formulate products and services, pricing, promotion and distribution to satisfy these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. Political economy is the study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government.

The Five Stages Of Grief Cycle Social Work Essay

The Five Stages Of Grief Cycle Social Work EssayThis paper reviews on how the death of child could affect the p bents psychological rise-beings as well as other situationors that could influence their daily lifestyles. It is said that or so(prenominal) p arents capability go done a louver-stages of ruefulness cycle during their stripment period. The five stages of melancholy cycle include the denial, anger, bargaining, impression, and acceptance. There are a few short term and dogged term effects of death of child on child being discussed in this paper. Besides, intervention programmes and their persuasiveness were too being mentioned in this paper.Keywords death, chastening, parentsEvery parents make out their children. Parents would do anything for the sake of their children. However, sometimes, unexpected loss of children could bring a great effect on parents. For example, the death of children. Some parents might go through the heartache period for a few years. D eath in human is defined as the permanent loss of a persons life (DeGrazia, 2011). Death is also what tidy sum mean by regress away. Death of a child is homogeneous losing a part of the parents lives. When the parents use up their child, it does not only mean losing a child, except also losing their identity as parents. Every parent would deal with their bereavement period differently. Bereavement is the word being used to describe the condition of grief when a loved one passed away (Christiane, 2005). Some parents would be well prepared to accept the truth while some might just keep on in the stage of denial.According to United States Child Mortality (2007), out of 100000 children in United States, 53287 of the children died in years 2007. A few reciprocal causes of death on children are by accidents, rout outcer, and some developmental disorders that are presented during their birth (Medline Plus, 2007). All these causes are considered as unexpected causes of death. None of the parents would expect their children to pass away at their young age.It is very common for parents to engender mental distress when they pass on go through the loss of their loved ones such as their children. It could be a sticker period of time for the parents to accept the fact that their children have a bun in the oven passed away. Some of them would change surface stay in stage of denial for a foresightful period of time. The process of grief includes five stages which is also cognize as the grief cycle. Grief cycle illustration was introduced by Kubler-Ross in year 1969. This model explains how the individuals go through the process of accepting the fact of death and bereavement as well as how they cope with them.The first stage in the grief cycle is named as denial. Denial is the condition when a person either consciously or unconsciously refuses to acknowledge the facts or the reality (Kubler-Ross, 1969). Denial is a natural defense mechanism that exists in eve ry individual. An individual could stay at this stage when he or she experiences some traumatic changes that they can ignore. In death, a person might choose to avoid the fact that someone has passed away or going to pass away.The second stage of grief would be anger. The individuals might get angry once they are informed that someones life is going to end (Kubler-Ross, 1969). They might have the thought that why such an happening would happen on themselves or to the person they love. The individuals could express their anger in different ways. Some individuals might get angry at themselves while some may express their anger on others. They might project their anger on others by blaming others faults on the unlucky incidents.The third stage of grief is known as bargaining. This is the stage when the individuals bargain with God and hope that they could get a negotiation to have a persistenter life span (Kubler-Ross, 1969). When the individuals know the fact that they have limited time to live, they would start to pray or hope that they could have more time to fulfill their dreams or to work on their unprocessed business. For example, if the individuals are told that they only have three months left to live, they might negotiate with God by asking for another three months to live so that they could have more time to find the solutions for their problems as well as to spend more time with their friends and family.The next stage of grief is the state of having depression. It is the stage which the individuals are prepared to have the legal opinion of grief. At this stage, the individuals are usually hornyly prepared to accept the facts. They might get upset, feel fearful or insecured, and so on. This stage is a sign of the individuals to start accepting the truth (Kubler-Ross, 1969). It is the time for the individuals to adjust their feeling to be emotionally prepared for the worst to come. For example, they could be feeling fearful of losing their loved one s.The last stage would be the acceptance. This stage indicates that individuals are well prepared for their condition (Kubler-Ross, 1969). The individuals could stay at this stage for a long period of time. They might be readily prepared for loss of ones life and calmly deal with all the challenges that have in life. Acceptance is a tough stage as the individuals are expected to accept the reality that they are dying or losing someone whom they love.However, not all individuals would experience all the five stages of grief. It depends on how they interpret the problems and how they deal with them (Kubler-Ross, 1969). Some individuals might skip a few stages and go into acceptance while some may stay in a certain stage for some period of time (Kubler-Ross, 1969). Some individuals might even do not reach the stage of acceptance at the moment they are ending their lives or losing someone. It is possible for the parents to experience either all the five stages of grief or some of them w hen they are about to lose their child or when they have loss their child.It is bring that parents could develop the mental distress even though their children have passed away for five years. Some parents could even develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the death of their children. However, there is gender difference in the duration of parents to bereave over the death of children. Study shows that women would bereave for a longer period of time as compared to men (Murphy, Johnson, Lohan, 2002). These mothers are diagnosed to have mental distress such as anxiety and depression. These mothers reported that they have difficulties in making decision and to remember things (Murphy, Johnson, Lohan, 2002). Mothers are said to score higher scores in PTSD as compared to fathers. Mothers are always those who would have more emotional problems as compared to fathers. This could be due to the fact that females tend to be those who would have higher level of anxiety (Craig, 200 5).Another study verbalize that parents who have experienced loss of child were found to have higher level of depression, weaker psychological health, and higher level of physical health problems as well as having marital problems as compared to those who did not experience the loss of child (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg, Hong, 2008). The parents might get too upset by the death of their child and some may even blame themselves on the death. They might blame themselves for not giving proper care to the children and cause them to pass away. The parents could keep having this thought in their mind and lead them to develop the symptoms of depression. In terms of physical health, because of the bereavement period that the parents are experiencing, they might just give up on their lives and do not take good care of themselves (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg, Hong, 2008). They might not take in healthy food and cause them to have poor health. Besides, some parents might blame t heir partners for not taking proper care of their child and eventually cause their child to pass away. The worst situation could lead to the divorce of two the parents.The conditions mentioned in the above are the long-term effects on parents with loss of child. Besides those stated in the above, there are a few short effects that could take place as well. For example, death of child could affect the job status of the parents (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg, Hong, 2008). When the parents experience the loss of child, they would not be able to stress on the job that theyre doing. Most of the time, they would eventually make mistakes and lose attention in their work.In addition, the loving life of the parents would also get affected during the bereavement period (Rogers, Floyd, Seltzer, Greenberg, Hong, 2008). The parents would try to avoid from the public and do not get involved in any of the social activities. They would try to avoid themselves from participating in the eve nts that could lead them to think of their loss child.In order to befriend parents to pass through the bereavement period, interventions could be provided to them. According to Rowa-Dewar (2002), interventions could help to reduce the level of depression in mothers. Effective interventions should be developed in order to help parents to reduce their psychological distress level due to the death of their children.As the parents are going through the period of bereavement, a chaplain could be introduced to them in order to provide emotional stomach to the parents. A chaplain plays a role in providing advises and focal point to individuals who need them (World Fellowship Church, 2003). A chaplain is usually being introduced by churches and hospitals. Sometimes, if the families have their own religious leaders, they could be introduced to the parents at this stage as well. A chaplain serves as a person to provide emotional support to the parents. The parents could spend time to expre ss their feeling to the chaplains as well as to discuss on the problems that they have with them.Besides, support sort outs could be established for parents who are experiencing the bereavement period. The parents could meet up once in a week to share their feelings with each other. The support group acts as a place for the parents to emotionally help each other rather than calling it a therapy group (YMCA Orange Country, 2012). By attending the support group, the parents are able to obtain emotional support from the other parents, to reduce their depression level, to decrease their feeling of loneliness, to make new friends, to share similar experiences, and also to cope better with the grief process (YMCA Orange Country, 2012). It would be easier for the parents to socialize with each other as they could have the similar experience hence can understand each other better. Most of the time parents do not share their feelings with people who do not have the same experience like them . They often have the thought that others could not understand how upset they are.Murray (1996), whom is a researcher and psychologist from University of Queensland, developed an intervention for parents who have undergone the death of child and to examine the effectiveness of her intervention. Murray (1996) aimed to use the intervention to reduce the mental distress of the parents. Parents who participated in the intervention reported to have reduced in level of depression and decreased in the feeling of separation as well as better satisfaction towards their marital status as compared to those who did not receive any interventions. Murray (2006) mentioned that in the intervention, mothers found to look for emotional support from many other relationships while fathers tend to depend on their marital relationship. This study indicates that effective interventions are suitable to help the parents who have loss child to recover better from the bereavement period.In conclusion, there a re five stages in the grief cycle, which include denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. Parents who experienced the loss of child could pass through some of these stages. Studies showed that parents could have high level of depression, fearful, and anxiety after the loss of their child. Long-term effects could last for a long period of time. In terms of short term effects, loss of child could affect the parents job performance as well as their social lifestyles. In order to help the parents to overcome the bereavement period, interventions could be provided to them. Counsellors, chaplains, and social support group could help the parents to recover from the grief period. It is important to provide emotional support to the parents as they might be psychologically affected severely due to the incidents experienced by them. Physical health is an issue to be centre on as well. This is because parents could neglect their health after the loss of their child. Hence, parents who experience the loss of child should not feel hesitate to seek help from the professionals.

Britannias Market Strategy and Competitive Strategy

Britannias Market Strategy and Competitive StrategyIn this document, an in-depth analysis on the Britannias Marketing Strategy and Competitive Strategy is illustrated. In detail this report contains the divers(prenominal) tradeing strategies adopted by Britannia to help them grow and succeed in the market. This paper covers umteen sections such as pest-G analysis, SWOT analysis, Growth strategy and Marketing Mix.In view of the fact that Britannia Industries Limited is a food ground organization which produces a massive variant of Biscuits, Diary products, rusk, cultivated cabbage and Cakes, it is evident that they have now excelled in their business. Within this document the evidence of companys actual property and success is at hand with a concentration on the marketing mix and the SWOT analysis of Britannia. In brief, we grab that Britannia Industries Limited, continues to improve the quality of their products to match the consumers take aims and prevail over the comp etitive edge.Britannia Biscuits was set up in 1892, in a very plain and ordinary house in Kolkata with the initial investments of Rs. 295. By 1978, Britannia biscuits had crossed 60% of the sh atomic number 18s of the firm, followed by renaming the company to Britannia Industries Limited(BIL) and in 1983 it crossed Rs 100 crores tax revenue margin. Then as we know, in 1992 it celebrated its Platinum Jubilee. Eat healthy, designate Better was revealed in 1997. It was gaining the status of quality and value and in 1999, the Britannia Khao, World transfuse Jao promotion make the consumers even much awargon then in advance which helped them even more prominent in the market. In the 21st century it came out as Indias largest and most famous brand of biscuit.Now Britannia is no more just another ordinary biscuit but it is one of the most renowned and well known biscuit in the world. From a small puff tale it reached new standards and from a small investment it has got a high margi n of profit which has been very positive for the company investors. They have a variety of biscuits even considering the health and economy to the life-style oriented types.THE MARKET ENVIRONMENTBusiness Sector And Geographical Market.Britannia Industries Limited is a public food industry, with its render located in vetoglore, well-known for its Britannia and Tiger biscuits. It now has around 300 stores spread, owned by Danone and Kalabakan Investments in India. As we know, they deal in Biscuits, Rusk, Diary products, Bread and Cakes.The company, in 2007 formed a Joint Venture with Khimji Ramdas Group to expand and sell biscuits to the marrow East countries, as its the most respected business and the come across district players in selling biscuits. It now provides a large range of commodities under the brand Nutro, which is the primary brand name in Middle East.PEST G AnalysisPolitical FactorsThe Food regulations were gravel into practice at the State Central level.Severe TA X rules had been started.Several other Government Regulations were put into action.Economic FactorsThe Gross Domestic overlaps started rising at 8-9%A raise in the disposable returns took place.Rupee Appreciation was a with child(p) concern.Social Factors70% inhabitants are lower than 35 years of age.Good knowledge among the individuals of various things.Technological FactorsProcess improvement and Product Innovation played a great role.Innovative techniques were thought to be adopted.THE COMPETITIONCompetitors Parle Glucose also known as Parle-G (G for Genius) is manufactured in India by the Parle Products which is one of the oldest brand names and the biggest selling biscuits in India.Market Share Parle-G has a market share of 70% in the biscuit industry in India followed by Britannia, Tiger with 17-18%, and Sunfeast of 8-9% share.Sales/Profit grade More than 50% of the companys turnover is estimated at around Rs 20 billion. It has started expanding to areas such as Western Europe, USA, UK, UAE and Canada.Target Market Parle has a target market which is foc employ in India, consisting of people of all category groups such as children, teenagers, family members and even old aged people as it is a popular biscuit eaten during Tea-time snack.THE go withMarket Share and Sales and Profit TrendBritannia market position is very high due to factors relating to its pricing strategies, distribution channels and variety of products. They lay out new products to satisfy the consumers needs giving them new and alternative products to choose, which in turn benefit the company by having more potency for growth. So we agnize that the company is not only growing, but also gaining profits. Their estimated market share is 38%. In the early years of the company, they received gross revenue at an yearly rate of 16% in market and their operational proceeds were nearly 18%. But now it has been increased to 27%, giving Britannia annual revenue of Rs 2,200 crore only fro m their biscuits. 10% is contributed by the diary products. They have an annual capacity of 433,000 tones of biscuits with sale while exporting up to $150.75 million.Swot AnalysisStrengthsWidely Distributed profit and accepted by all age groups.Innovative products interchangeable-Little Hearts, 50-50 Chakkar, and Nice Time.Celebrity endorsements Sachin Tendulkar, Aamir Khan.The Brand Slogan of Britannia Eat Healthy Think Better is the key plus of the firm.It is available in various different forms of packages.The variety of products is an added advantage as they not only focus on assorted biscuits but also cakes, breads, Rusk and diary products.WeaknessesFaces stiff competition from their rival Parle and Nestle on the basis of Price and Distribution channels.The industry and technology requires high investments.As too many different types of brands place the market, they might loose focus.Even though the prices are affordable, they might not be easily available to the lower inc ome groups.OpportunitiesPeople are willing to try newer variants and hence it satisfies the taste buds by its newer variants.It generates employment opportunities.As consumers are very concerned about their health, it helps them to strengthen brands NutriChoice, Milk Bikis, and Tiger biscuits. contestation increases.This helps to enhance mergers.ThreatsThey might sometimes be unable to utilize all the resources efficiently.They may provide poor quality of biscuits for more profits.As there are a number of biscuits in the existing market, they have large number of challengers.Consumer demands may alter impulsively.Government might come up with new restrictions without notices.THE COMPANYS trade STRATEGYMarketing Strategy let in anything from facts, events, procedures, values and personalities. Britannia nearly sells all their products all over India and even exports it other few countries. Their market rate unploughed growing every year in the Indian market. Therefore, BIL has impl emented a Diversification strategy, so that it becomes the market leader in the food and biscuits industry. But they made sure that when they diversify, they make similar kinds of products such as cheese, diary products and even more bakery items. So the company can realize their marketing strategies by underlining the opportunities in the market. There are a various different strategies they adopted.Segmentation They believed in the best quality of products for the consumers as they are health conscious and so they fulfil this need of the consumers.Targeting The Company focussed on building a good relationship with the customers as they are they play the most important social occasion in the sale of products. Not only did they keep up to the old customers expectation, but they also try to make new customers as their retention plays a major role for the growth of their business.Positioning While manufacturing new products, they dont fail to remember their competitors way of figh ting against them, instead they hire even more watchfulness to each and every step they take towards success as they want to be ahead of them and succeed.Growth Strategy Even though Britannia biscuits started off by selling their products in India, they slowly expanded and started to export it to other parts of the world. By doing so, they adapted to the different cultures of those countries and made plans for those neighbouring areas and researched and analyzed which product has more demand than the others and ways to improve their sales.Promoting their brands is a very essential idea for their marketing strategy as it helps conceive the consumers the variety of benefits they get while purchasing the product. They should push and publicize their message clearly stating the facts.Based on the marketing strategies, we understand that building a brand is an important part of the company. They understand how to increase sales and profits in a short span of time while continuing to promote its variety of brands to create loyal consumers.THE MARKETING MIXProductBritannia have a large variety of products to choose from, not only do they manufacture Biscuits, but they also make different types of Diary items, Breads and Rusk. They gear up products which in gets good returns for the company through building a good brand and quality products which are supplied across different countries.The main streamline of Britannia products includeBiscuits such asMarie GoldTreatMilk BikisTime PassTiger50-50NutriChoice also available for Diabetic people.Dairy Delights include few products likeCheeseMilkDahi (Yoghurt)GheeButterBread types haveSandwichesCoffeeConfectionaryAssorted BreadsBenefits of BrandingAs we all know, Britannia biscuits still have higher growth potential in the market as its one of the best-known brands in India and popular among other countries as well. Even though they have come up with new variety of biscuits, they still emphasis on their initial biscuit brands such as Tiger, Good Day, Marie, Treat and even more. Britannia has diversified by also do Breads, Cakes and other Diary products. Its brands are considered to be an excellent value by Indias price-conscious consumers. Tiger Biscuit is one of the most distinguished brands and is extremely popular among the country-style areas and consumers. Sports and sporting events also are a key channel for promotions. The companys Britannia khao, World Cup jao (Eat Britannia, travel to see the World Cup) campaign in 2003 was the most recognised sales promotion among all Cricket World Cup-related sales activity.PlaceBritannia had started selling products in India, but now it has expanded overseas to places like Middle East and Sri Lanka.They have even started to export their goods to places such asUSAGhanaSaudi ArabiaKuwaitBahrainQatarUAEOmanSeychellesSingaporePriceBritannia has adopted the Market acumen Method of pricing. It focuses on the quality of the products keeping in mind the pri cing strategy. This helps improve and generate large sale volume for their products. It aims at maximizing the market share and to produce new product lines. A few examples areVegetarian Cakes are available at Rs. 15/- for a 75 gm pack.Nutrichoice Health Starter Kit is for Rs 100.Britannia Tiger Banana packed with IRON ZOR priced at Rs.2, Rs.4 and Rs.10.PromotionsTo attract the consumers of Britannia, they very innovatively came up with ideas to promote their brand in numerous different ways, and now they have leveraged Indias two most successful passions of all timesCricketMoviesNearly every Indians dream was to be present at a stadium while India is playing cricket, during the World Cup, so Britannia created the Britannia Khao, World Cup Jao contest in 1999. They made it very simple for their target market to enter this contest, which was to purchase more products to win a scratch and win lucky card and winning an all expenses paid trip to England to watch the World Cup Match. The y held it again in 2002-2003 held in South Africa which successfully set a unique trend of their own. They even came up with another creative promotion of Britannia Khao, Cricketer Ban Jao that was fuelled by the need of every Indian to be a part of the passion called Cricket followed by a promotion called Britannia Lagaan Match in 2001 that rotate around a movie called Lagaan was based on a cricket match. This promotion gave the consumers a chance to interact with the film stars and also get to pay cricket with them. The match had over 40,000 spectators and made the headlines of leading newspapers and news channels and was found to be the most unbeaten promotional act of that year. So we understand that sports and the sporting events are the key promotional tools of Britannia.Therefore we now know that Britannia promotes their products through various medias such as Events, Television, Magazines and Sales Promotions too.EVALUATION OF THE COMPANYS STRATEGIES AND TACTICSCompanys cur rent position/successBritannia Company releases on November 10th, 2010 that BIL obtained sales of Rs 10,948 MM with growth of 27.5% which shows an increase.The company also releases that they received sales worth of Rs 9,128 MM during the year end, with a growth of 24.8% followed by a boost of 20% in the volume.ConclusionNow that we have an in-depth view of the companys profile, marketing strategy and marketing mix, it shows the different methods used to adapt to promote and publicize their products across India and other countries. Based on the information researched, we find that they focus on consumer needs to a very large extent. This is shown by the fact that, since consumers are more health conscious nowadays, they have introduced NutriChoice Diabetic Biscuits. It is also proven by their tagline, Eat Healthy, Think Better. In conclusion, we see that how a small sized company has grown to be one of the largest biscuit selling brands across India and many other countries world-w ide.

Mulveys Theory Of The Male Gaze |Critique

Mulveys Theory Of The mannish Gaze CritiqueIn masochism, as in the infantile stage of the helpless dep oddityency that marks its genesis, pleasure does not involve mastery of the fe priapic but submission to her. This pleasure applies to the infant, the masochist, and the film spectator as well. (Studlar 782)How does Studlars work on fetichism and masochism challenge Mulveys possibleness of the male gaze?Discuss in relation to films from unadulteratedal era and contemporary movie house. Refer to film screened in this unit and films of your choice, with assist to mise-en-scene and narrative structure.Studlar challenges Mulveys theories on the male scopic pleasure as the bearer of control. Studlar also challenges Mulveys statement of the female as overleap and instead suggests a sense of military group from this lack the female as a film complexity, being not necessarily the subject of the male gaze but rather the holder of the gaze.Firsly, I will discuss Mulveys theories and Studlars challenges, and compare and contrast the two. After discussing both theories in relation to one another, I will then call on sheaths from classic and contemporary cinema to justify my arguments and discuss the trends of Contemporary cinema with regards to psychoanalysis.In article Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, Mulvey argues in mainstream cinema, in relation to patriarchic society, women are being portrayed as an erotic object to be looked at in movies as well as an attraction to male gaze. Her speculation explains that women are playing hands-off part in movies while men hold the strong and active denotation and play as a crowing subject. Therefore, Mulveys theory on male gaze is determined as a sexual pleasure in which male are able to obtain by looking at portrayal of female. (Laura Mulvey (1975). Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema, in Gerald Mast, Cohen Baudry (eds). Film Theory An Introduction. 5th ed, pp 746-757.Objectification of women in classical era and contemporary cinema as erotic and sensual figure is still applied. Mulveys work in this theory has been supported by feminist theory it can be seen in the following quote from literary critics standpoint In 1975, when Laura Mulvey published her groundbreaking study of woman in film her emplacement as a descriptor for the male other, as a projection of male fantasies, and, finally, as a bearer not maker of meaning she gave new shape and direction to the interdisciplinary field of womens studies, motivating scholars in many subject areas to examine and, most interestingly, re-examine the political, cultural, social and literary achievements of women through the ages (Despotopoulou, 569). (Despotopoulou, Anna. Fannys Gaze and the Construction of Feminine outer space in Mansfield Park Modern Language Review 99 (2004) 569-583)Films such as The War of the Worlds (1953), The Thing from Another World (1951) give close to no female role/s who take part in advancing the narrative. B ut that is not to say that all films painted women as an indispensible element of spectacle (Mulvey 750). For example the 1939 film The Women by MetroGoldwyn Mayer Productions is notable for its allfemale cast. Although the content of the film could be argued, this is a clear example of women controlling the film narrative.Furthermore, her theory of male gaze can be seen in film Fifth Element. The character Leelo which is played by Milla Jovovich in the movie portrayed her as passive object erotic to be looked at. In mise-en-scene and narrative term, it can be shown that her character was touted as the Supreme Being and regarded as the ultimate weapon to even out the attack from the evil being harming the world. However, the Supreme Being is also subjected to objectification with repetitive display of her breasts, body and being gazed by the casts (which, in effect, also enables its spectators to look at her in an erotic manner). While she is labeled as the Supreme Being, she certa inly looked inferior, weak and vulnerable to Korben Dallas (Bruce Willis). Korben was the one who rescued her after being shot in the air duct.Mulvey argues women are regarded as fetishistic display for male viewers pleasure and the spectators embodies the subject (the active role), while the narrative film stands for the object which is the passive position (Carolina Hein, 2006, p. 4). Her concept of to-be-looked-at-ness, exemplifies that women were simply shown on screen in classic Hollywood in order to provide men with visual pleasure and have an erotic impact. Mulvey argues that the distinctive key protagonist within a classic Hollywood film was male and the audience members where similarly typically expected to be men. In classical era as well as contemporary cinema, women are generally passive characters who looked to males for protection and rescue.Gaylyn Studlars theory of Masochism and Perverse Pleasure refutes Laura Mulveys theory of Male gaze. According to Studlar, the vi ewing pleasure are transmitted to the spectators is derived from total submission to the female. Her theory believes that by using masochism, women are portrayed as idealized force play figure, which are both dangerous and comforting, not such as discarded object (Studlar, 1985) (Gaylyn Studlar (1985) Masochism and the perverse pleasure of the Cinema, in Gerald Mast, Cohen Baudry (eds). Film Theory An Introduction. 5th ed, pp 773-790).In my point of view, Studlars theory of masochism enables bisexual dualism. It means this theory creates an ability of freeing up gendered subjectivity to spectators in mainstream cinema. It technically enables viewer to see both genders, male and female as powerful object. Moreover, this theory confirms the conventional perception of womens incapacity, means that it can influence and change peoples perspective towards woman as being lack and weak.In classical era, movie like Alien (1979) exemplifies women as powerful character. The female character Ellen Ripley leads strong, independent and professional women character. In Alien, Ripley is the strong female character who makes active judgments and survives what is trying to kill her. The male characters activity is largely passive most die quickly, others wait for her command. It is Ripley who makes the plan to defeat the alien which works, while the ineffectual male Captain makes bad judgments as his unsure plan fails. (Movie analysis Women in horror films Ripley, the alien, and the monstrous feminine by Daniel Stephen, http//www.helium.com/items/132886-women-in-horror-films-ripley-the-alien-and-the-monstrous-feminine).Studlars theory in amenable masculine look term, the masculinity factors which are men supposed to portray is symbolized through women character. Instead of being passive character in the movie, Ripley plays as an active and protagonist character which is the opposite of Mulveys theory of male gaze. Ripley holds the gaze from the beginning of the movie until the end of it. One of the final scenes of the film takes place in an exit pod where singlehanded, Ripley manages to overpower the invading alien. Ripley is shown as a character that is able to complete tasks that men were otherwise unable to complete. Likewise, Aliens representation of feminism shows women as alien to themselves (Jeffords 74). Jeffords, Susan. Battle of the Big Mommas Feminism and Alienation. Journal of American Culture 10.3 (1987) 74.This portrayal of women releases the character of Ripley and eventually feminism. Ripley is shown as a Company Woman, reaffirmed at the end of the film when despite The Companys betrayal of herself and the entire crew, she disposes of the alien only to sit down and complete her captains log (Newton 297). Newton, Judith. Feminism and Anxiety in Alien in Symposium on Alien. Science Fiction Studies 7. Ed. Charles Elkins. 1980. 297.Her place in this Company Creates the questioning of her position in a patriarchal society.Another example of Studlars theory in contemporary cinema is Disney movie called Mulan.